Table 7.
State-of-the-art nanoparticle enhanced membranes utilizing various techniques and their potential outcome on MD performance.
| Polymeric Solution | Additives or Nanoparticle Type | Overall Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solution | TiO2 nanoparticles | High and stable flux | [114] |
| PVDF solution | Carbon nanotubes | Flux improvement | [115] |
| Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) solution | Fluorosilane coated TiO2 nanoparticles | Wetting resistance | [114] |
| PVDF-HFP solution | Graphene | Stable flux | [116] |
| PVDF solution | Clay particles | Wetting resistance | [117] |
| PVDF solution | SiO2 nanoparticles | Wetting and fouling resistance | [118] |
| PVDF solution | Multilayer graphene platelets | Improved productivity–efficiency trade-off and enhanced wetting resistance | [119] |
| PVDF solution | Silver nanoparticles/Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (AgNPs/f-MWCNTs) | High anti-biofouling and separation efficiency | [120] |
| PVDF-HFP solution | Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | Superhydrophobicity and efficient desalination performance | [121] |
| PVDF solution | Metal organic framework: MOF (iron 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) | Stable performance and stable liquid entry pressure | [122] |