Table 2.
Publication | Study design | Country | Clinical scales | Investigation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, year | Medium | Markers | |||
A. Immunoglobulins | |||||
Kanchanatawan et al. 2017 [40] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | Thailand | DSM IV, FF, PANSS, SANS, SDS, HAM-D, HAM-A, CANTAB | Blood | 3HK, KYNA, QUIN, AA, XA, PA, and IgA and IgM responses to these six TRYCATs |
Kanchanatawan et al. 2018a [41] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | Thailand | DSM-IV-TR, Thai version of MINI, SDS, SANS, PANSS, BPRS | Blood | 3HK, KA, QUIN, AA, XA, PA, and IgA and IgM responses to these six TRYCATs |
Kanchanatawan et al. 2018b [42] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | Thailand | DSM-IV, SDS, SANS, PANSS, BPRS | Blood | 3HK, KYNA, QUIN, AA, XA, PA, and IgA responses to these six TRYCATs |
Bechter et al. 2010 [43] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | Germany | ICD-10 | Blood and CSF | KYN, Trp, albumin, IgG, IgA, IgM, oligoclonal IgG |
B. Interleukins | |||||
Szymona et al. 2017 [44] | Observational prospective case-control study | Poland | ICD-10 (F20), SAPS, SANS, PANSS | Blood | KYNA, 3-HK, sIL-2R, IFN-α, IL-4 |
Barry et al. 2009 [45] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | Ireland | DSM-IV, SCID-I for DSM-IV, SAPS, SANS, CDSS | Blood | L-Trp, KYN, 3HK, KYNA, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid, XA and 3-nitro-l-tyrosine |
Kim et al. 2009 [46] | Observational prospective case-control study | Korea | DSM IV, PANSS | Blood | Trp and KYN as well as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 |
Schwieler et al. 2015 [47] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | Sweden | DSMIV, BPRS, GAF | CSF | Cytokines: IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL18, TNFα, IFNα2a, and IFNγ as well as KYNA, KYN, and Trp |
Human astrocyte culture | Effects of IL-6 on KYN and KYNA | ||||
Kegel et al. 2017 [48] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy control twins | Sweden | SCID-I, SCID-II, SANS, SAPS, SPQ-B, HAM-D, YMRS, GAF | CSF | KYNA, QUIN, Trp, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, albumin |
Blood | CRP and albumin | ||||
C. C-reactive protein | |||||
Wurfel et al. 2017 [49] | Observational cross-sectional with healthy controls | USA | DSM-IV, HAM-D, YMRS, BPRS version 4.0, CORE assessment of psychomotor change | Blood | High-sensitivity CRP, Trp, KYN, KYNA, 3HK |
Abbreviations: 3HK 3-OH-kynurenine, AA anthranilic acid, Af affective disorder, BPRS The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, CANTAB The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, CDSS Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, CRP C-reactive protein, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text Revision, DZ dizygotic twins, FF Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Rating Scale, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, ICD 10 The International Classification of Diseases Tenth Edition, IFN- interferon-, Ig immunoglobulin, IL- interleukin-, KYN kynurenine, KYNA kynurenic acid, MDD major depressive disorder, MINI Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MZ monozygotic twins, ND not determined, PA picolinic acid, PANSS The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, QUIN quinolinic acid, SANS Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SAPS Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, SCID-I/II for DSM-IV Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV Axis I/II Disorders, SDS Schedule for Deficit Syndrome, sIL-2R soluble interleukin-2 receptor, SPQ-B Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire Brief, Sz schizophrenia, SzA schizo-affective disorder, TGF- transforming growth factor, TNFα tumor necrosis factorα, Trp Tryptophan, TRYCATs tryptophan catabolites, XA xanthurenic acid, YMRS The Young Mania Rating Scale