Fig. 2.

The balance of oral pathogenic bacteria and probiotics restored the functions of GMSCs. a ALP activity. b Alizarin red staining. c–f The expression of the crucial transcription factors for modulating osteogenic differentiation: OSX, OPN, OCN, and RUNX2 expressions were increased after restoring the balance of oral microbiota. g, h Oil Red O staining analysis. i, j Real-time RT-PCR results demonstrated that the key adipogenic transcription factors PPAR-γ and LPL were decreasingly expressed after the mixture of P. gingivalis bacteria extracts and L. reuteri sonicated extracts treatment, and GAPDH was used as an internal control. k Cell counting kit-8 assay results. Student’s t test and one-way ANOVA were used to test statistical significance. Error bars represent SD (n = 3). *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01