Table 3.
Association of Baseline Methylationa at Each CpG Dinucleotide With Child Obesity Status at 36-Month Follow-Up
| Unique CpG Dinucleotide | Associated Gene | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Biological Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cg21790991 | FSTL1 | 1.35 | [0.88, 2.06] | 0.16 | Regulate endothelial cell function and vascular remodeling in response to hypoxic ischemia [30, 40] |
| cg03218460 | SORCS2 | 2.08 | [0.83, 5.21] | 0.12 | Functions to regulate fasting insulin levels and secretion of insulin, diabetes susceptibility [41, 42] |
| cg23241637 | ZNF804A | 1.47 | [0.61, 3.49] | 0.39 | Schizophrenia [43, 44] |
| cg04798490 | SHANK2 | 1.51 | [0.6, 3.8] | 0.38 | Autism [45, 46] |
| cg01307483 | NRF1 | 2.98 | [1.06, 8.38] | 0.04* | Innate immune response governing adipocyte inflammation, cytokine expression, and insulin resistance [34–36] |
| cg19312314 | CBS | 0.75 | [0.27, 2.13] | 0.59 | Catalyzes the conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine, associated with homocystinuria and hydrogen sulfide production [47] |
| cg14321859 | DLC1 | 1.82 | [0.69, 4.81] | 0.23 | Regulates Rho GTP-binding proteins, cytoskeletal signaling, tumor suppressor, adipocyte differentiation [48, 49] |
| cg03067613 | ATP8B3 | 1.24 | [0.4, 3.8] | 0.71 | Reproduction [37] |
| cg11296553 | CEP72 | 0.99 | [0.03, 32.38] | 0.99 | Ulcerative colitis [38] |
| cg16509445 | CRYL1 | 1.04 | [0.23, 4.63] | 0.96 | Heptocellular carcinoma [50] |
| cg16344026 | PPARGC1B | 0.27 | [0.04, 2.04] | 0.21 | Fat oxidation, non-oxidative glucose metabolism, and energy regulation, ubiquitous in duodenum and small intestines [51, 52] |
| cg15354625 | ODZ4 | 0.78 | [0.12, 4.94] | 0.79 | Bipolar disorder [53] |
| cg23836542 | CHN2 | 1.13 | [0.14, 9.07] | 0.91 | Encodes GTP-metabolizing protein that regulates cell proliferation and migration, insulin resistance [54, 55] |
| cg07511564 | NXPH1 | 1.02 | [0.34, 3.03] | 0.97 | Forms a tight complex with alpha neurexins, promoting adhesion between dendrites and axons, diabetic neuropathy [56, 57] |
| cg18799510 | GRIN3A | 1.02 | [0.32, 3.28] | 0.98 | Schizophrenia [31, 58] |
| cg14996807 | UNC13A | 3.17 | [0.64, 15.76] | 0.16 | ALS [59, 60] |
| cg18431297 | SORCS2 | 1.01 | [0.51, 1.99] | 0.98 | Neuropeptide receptor activity, strongly expressed in the central nervous system, acts with IGF1 in the setting of cardiovascular disease [42, 61] |
a Degree of methylation was a continuous variable calculated by log-transforming the normalized values and multiplying by 10 to put it on a scale from 0 to 10 (see Methods section)