Table 2.
Metabolic profile, oxidative stress indices, and PON1 activities of the women with GDM and the women with uncomplicated pregnancies.
| Controls (n = 288) |
GDM (n = 347) |
P | P a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metabolic profile | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.24 (3.91, 4.60) | 4.30 (3.97, 4.86) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 61.95 (46.53, 95.01) | 74.10 (49.03, 118.41) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.67 (1.20, 2.80) | 2.08 (1.23, 3.74) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 3.39 (2.79, 4.37) | 3.74 (3.00, 4.78) | 0.001 | 0.031 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 6.13 ± 1.21 | 6.07 ± 1.14 | 0.531 | 0.580 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.04 ± 0.49 | 2.02 ± 0.49 | 0.585 | 0.331 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.16 ± 1.01 | 2.99 ± 0.88 | 0.026 | 0.062 |
| Non-HDL-C (mmol/L) | 4.10 ± 1.10 | 4.06 ± 0.97 | 0.604 | 0.829 |
| AI | 2.16 ± 0.72 | 2.11 ± 0.65 | 0.598 | 0.525 |
| TG/HDL-C | 1.79 (1.34, 2.27) | 2.00 (1.43, 2.66) | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| apoA1 (g/L) | 2.24 ± 0.45 | 2.19 ± 0.34 | 0.117 | 0.163 |
| apoB (g/L) | 1.22 ± 0.29 | 1.22 ± 0.27 | 0.981 | 0.891 |
| apoB/apoA1 | 0.56 ± 0.16 | 0.56 ± 0.14 | 0.572 | 0.491 |
|
| ||||
| Oxidative stress indices and PON1 activities | ||||
| TOS (nmol H2O2 Equiv./mL) | 23.87 ± 8.20 | 26.96 ± 10.38 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| TAC (mmol Trolox Equiv./L) | 1.09 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.17 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| OSI | 21.51 ± 7.85 | 22.67 ± 8.09 | 0.156 | 0.115 |
| MDA (nmol/mL) | 5.57 ± 1.59 | 6.17 ± 1.53 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PON1 lactonase activity (U/mL) | 11.39 ± 2.50 | 11.90 ± 2.46 | 0.022 | 0.018 |
| PON1 level (mU/mL) | 29.59 ± 6.45 | 30.70 ± 6.25 | 0.049 | 0.062 |
| NLA | 386.07 ± 39.89 | 388.93 ± 35.41 | 0.383 | 0.171 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or median (lower limit of IQR, upper limit of IQR). HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; apo: apolipoprotein; AI: atherosclerosis index; TOS: total oxidant status; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; MDA: malondialdehyde; OSI: oxidative stress index; PON1: paraoxonase 1; NLA: normalized lactonase activity. aAll comparisons of the parameters were corrected for differences in age and BMI at delivery.