Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients
| Characteristic | Study Group; No. (%) of Patients* | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Vitamin K1 (n = 243) | No Vitamin K1 (n = 127) | ||
| Sex, male | 169 (69.5) | 78 (61.4) | 0.12 |
|
| |||
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 56.8 ± 11.7 | 60 ± 8 | 0.002 |
|
| |||
| Weight (kg) (mean ± SD)† | 84 ± 23 | 79.5 ± 4.6 | 0.004 |
|
| |||
| Complications of cirrhosis | |||
| Ascites | 94 (38.7) | 58 (45.7) | 0.20 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 47 (19.3) | 25 (19.7) | 0.95 |
| Portal hypertensive gastropathy | 116 (47.7) | 67 (52.8) | 0.36 |
| Portal vein thrombosis | 11 (4.5) | 17 (13.4) | 0.002 |
| Previous variceal bleed | 31 (12.8) | 24 (18.9) | 0.12 |
| Previous nonvariceal bleed | 13 (5.3) | 11 (8.7) | 0.22 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 10 (4.1) | 4 (3.1) | 0.64 |
| Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt | 3 (1.2) | 4 (3.1) | 0.20 |
|
| |||
| Blood components | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) (mean ± SD) | 97 ± 28.1 | 94 ± 25.1 | 0.28 |
| Hemoglobin < 70 g/L | 53 (21.8) | 23 (18.1) | 0.40 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L) (median and IQR) | 106 (73–161) | 126 (87–174) | 0.019 |
| Platelets < 50 × 109/L | 22 (9.1) | 10 (7.9) | 0.70 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) (median and IQR) | 81 (59–130) | 73 (55–109) | 0.019 |
|
| |||
| INR (mean ± SD) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.99 |
|
| |||
| MELD score (mean ± SD) | 19.4 ± 7.8 | 13 ± 5 | 0.98 |
|
| |||
| Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score (mean ± SD)‡ | 9.5 ± 4 | 11.2 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Home medications | |||
| Warfarin | 9 (3.7) | 1 (0.8) | 0.10 |
| Low-molecular-weight heparin | 4 (1.6) | 6 (4.7) | 0.08 |
| Fondaparinux | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0.17 |
| Direct oral anticoagulant | 3 (1.2) | 0 0.21 | |
| Clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor | 1 (0.4) | 3 (2.4) | 0.08 |
| NSAID | 45 (18.5) | 25 (19.7) | 0.79 |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 87 (35.8) | 64 (50.4) | 0.007 |
| Nonselective ß-blocker | 64 (26.3) | 39 (30.7) | 0.37 |
|
| |||
| ICU admission | 65 (26.7) | 14 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
|
| |||
| Length of stay (days) (median and IQR) | 10 (5–19) | 5 (4–9) | < 0.001 |
ICU = intensive care unit, INR = international normalized ratio, IQR = interquartile range, MELD = model for end-stage liver disease (calculated from serum creatinine, INR, and total bilirubin), NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, SD = standard deviation.
*
Except where indicated otherwise.
†
Weight was not documented for 26 patients in the group that received vitamin K1 and 16 patients in the group that did not receive vitamin K1.
‡
Derived from urea, hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, sex, presence of melena, history of recent endoscopy, recent syncope, and presence of heart failure and/or liver disease.