Table 2.
Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) and Endoscopy Results
| Variable | Study Group; No. (%) of Patients | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Vitamin K1 (n = 243) | No Vitamin K1 (n = 127) | ||
| Management of UGIB | |||
| Received packed red blood cells | 164 (67.5) | 71 (55.9) | 0.028 |
| Received fresh frozen plasma | 133 (54.7) | 14 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
| Received platelets | 59 (24.3) | 8 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Received cryoprecipitate | 16 (6.6) | 2 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
| Received 4-factor prothrombin concentrate | 10 (4.1) | 0 0.02 | |
| Received factor VII | 1 (0.4) | 0 0.47 | |
| Received tranexamic acid | 21 (8.6) | 3 (2.4) | 0.020 |
|
| |||
| Endoscopy findings | |||
| Active spurting vessel | 11 (4.5) | 2 (1.6) | 0.14 |
| Nonbleeding visible vessel | 7 (2.9) | 5 (3.9) | 0.59 |
| Adherent clot | 14 (5.8) | 2 (1.6) | 0.06 |
| Patients with high-risk stigmata requiring endoscopic treatment* | 14 (5.8) | 5 (3.9) | 0.45 |
| Esophageal varices | 145 (59.7) | 101 (79.5) | < 0.001 |
| Gastric varices | 14 (5.8) | 5 (3.9) | 0.45 |
| Portal hypertensive gastropathy | 28 (11.5) | 17 (13.4) | 0.60 |
| Gastroesophageal varices requiring treatment | 75 (30.9) | 58 (45.7) | 0.005 |
| Other causes of bleeding† | 31 (12.8) | 24 (18.9) | 0.12 |
IQR = interquartile range.
*
Active spurting vessel, nonbleeding visible vessel, and/or adherent clot.
†
Other causes of bleeding included (but were not limited to) esophagitis, erosive gastroduodenopathy, gastric antral vascular ectasia, malignancy, Mallory-Weiss tear, angiodysplasia, Dieulafoy lesion, telangectasia.