Table 8.

Omics-based studies linked to the health functionality and the processing of lavers.

Omics Technology	Topic	Species	Major Findings	References
Genome	Whole genome sequencing and genomic feature	P. umbilicalis	- Genome governing nutritional/functional values linked to the growth and survival strategy of laver under stressful condition of natural habitat (intertidal zone)	[147]
		P. yezoensis	- First report on the genome sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) cistron	[149]
		P. yezoensis	- Genome sequence and annotated functional genes from P. yezoensis - Identification of photosynthesis system and key genes governing color of laver	[154]
	Genome-wide identification of functional genes	P. yezoensis	- Gene structure associated with mitogen-activated protein kinases from P. yezoensis (PyMAPKs)	[156]
	Comparative genomics	P. perforata P. sanjuanensis P. fucicola P. kanakaensis	- Reliable analytical method for the genomes of laver by the destructive sampling of type specimen	[146]
		P. nitida	- Recognition of new red algal species	[148]
		P. haitanensis	- Supportive data for the phylogenic differences between Pyropia from Porphyra	[150]
		P. yezoensis	- Supportive data for the phylogenic differences between Pyropia from Porphyra	[151]
		P. yezoensis	- Different genomic structure of strains according to the regions of cultivars (Korea and China)	[152]
		P. haitanensis, P. yezoensis	- Biodiversity and distinct phylogenies of laver compared with other red algae	[153]
Transcriptome	Analytical techniques	P. haitanensis	- Selection of housekeeping gene mostly adequate for the designation of internal control based on the stability under abiotic stresses	[157]
	Unique life cycle	P. yezoensis	-Transition observed in the life cycle with apospory	[158]
		P. umbilicalis, P. purpurea	- Evolutionary analysis for the growth and development of laver	[159]
		P. haitanensis	-Transcriptomic profile under different physiological conditions -Role of cSSR markers linked to the differences in the gene expressions among lifecycle stages of laver	[160]
		P. pseudolinearis	- Impact of ethylene precursor treatment to the regulation of gene expression governing reproduction	[161]
	Stress response	P. yezoensis	- Stress response of PyMAPK gene family	[156]
		P. yezoensis	- Identification of key response genes expressed under various abiotic stresses	[162]
		P. haitanensis	- Role of heat shock proteins against the abiotic stresses	[163]
		P. tenera	- Distinct transcriptional characteristics of gametophyte thalli by high-temperature stresses	[164]
		P. yezoensis	- Transcriptomic profiles in response to stresses associated with temperature	[165]
		P. haitanensis	- Identification of key response genes expressed under thermal stresses - Mechanisms on the adaptation of high-temperature tolerant strain	[166]
		P. columbina	- Identification of mechanisms on resistance and key response genes expressed under stresses from desiccation-hydration cycles in natural habitat	[167]
		P. tenera	- Identification of mechanisms on resistance and key response genes expressed under desiccation	[168]
		P. haitanensis	- Identification of mechanisms on resistance and maintenance of homeostasis under stresses from hypersaline conditions	[169]
	Biosynthesis	P. yezoensis	- Role of glycine-betaine (GB) capable of maintenance of osmotic balance in response to desiccation stresses - Identification of major enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of GB	[189]
Microbiome	Diversity in the microbiota	P. umbilicalis	- Seasonal variation to the microbial community in laver - Identification of bacterial groups which are expected to contribute to the evolution and/or function of laver	[155]
		P. yezoensis	- Seasonal variation and the effects of the yellow spot disease outbreaks to the microbial community in the seawater of laver seedling pools - Identification of disease-associated bacteria	[174]
	Analytical techniques	P. umbilicalis	- Microbial communities affected by the sampling position of laver and the stabilization techniques applied for the microbiome analysis	[171]
	Influencing factor (Red rot disease)	P. yezoensis	- Alterations of bacterial community by red dot disease - Close association between health status of algal host (uninfected or infected) and bacterial community	[190]
Proteome	Mechanism of stress-tolerance	P. haitanensis	- Investigation on the key metabolisms elucidating the mechanisms of resistance to high-temperature	[175,176]
		P. orbicularis	- Investigation on the key metabolisms elucidating the mechanisms of resistance to desiccation	[177,178]
		P. haitanensis
	Mechanism of infection resistance	P. yezoensis	- Investigation on the pathogen-responsive proteins elucidating the mechanisms of responses against the infection	[179]
	Identification of key functional protein	P. yezoensis	- Identification of major protein [Pyropia yezoensis aldehyde dehydognease (PyALDH)] which contributes to the resistance of laver against oxidative stress	[180]
	Mutation of laver strain	P. yezoensis	- Induction of high-growth-rate mutation by the exposure to ethyl methane sulfonate - Comparative analysis for the proteome of mutated strain with wild-type strain with the perspective to the enhanced growth	[181]
		P. yezoensis	- Induction of thermo-tolerance mutation by the exposure to gamma-irradiation - Isolation of protein from thermo-tolerant mutant which contributes to the resistance against elevated temperature	[182,191]
Lipidome	Lipidomic variations	P. haitanensis	- Identification of lipid biomarkers distinctly expressed under elevated temperatures	[184]
		P. dioica	- Differences in composition of major lipid molecular species according to the life cycle stages between the blade and conchocelis	[185]
Metabolome	Metabolomic variations	P. haitanensis	- Changes in the nutrient composition according to the harvest time	[186]
		P. yezoensis	- Changes in the nutrient composition which can determine the taste of laver by the food processing steps not only for seasoning but also washing, cutting, and roasting	[187]
	Metabolite profile	P. pseudolinearis	- Distinctive characteristics of metabolites among species of edible seaweeds (brown, red, and green algae) and sorbitol as the major sugar metabolite in laver	[188]