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Summary of the effects of metformin in the modulation of OCT-2 and MATE-1 transporters via PPARα. (a) Metformin was able to increase the expression of PPARα, OCT-2, and MATE-1. Gemfibrozil, a PPARα agonist, increases the expression of PPARα, OCT-2, and MATE-1. (b) The PPAR α antagonist, MK-886, abrogated the metformin-induced regulation of PPARα and OCT-2 and reduced the expression of MATE-1.
