Table 4.
Modern extraction methods applied to different plants material and the obtained compounds (in chronological order of the cited works).
| Plant Material | Family Name | Extraction Method | Plant Organ | Conditions | Obtained Compounds | Extraction Yields (Content) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guava, Psidium guajava Linn. China root, Smilax china L. |
Myrtaceae Smilacaceae |
ILs-MAE | Tubers | 1.0 g of accurately weighed sample, extracted with 20 mL of different ILs’ solution; extraction time (min) 10 at 70 °C; extraction time (min) 10 at 60 °C | Gallic acid, ellagic acid, (phenolic acids), quercetin (flavonol), trans-resveratrol (stilbenoid) | 79.5–93.8% | [99] |
| Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae | PLE SFE WEPO |
Leaves |
PLE: Temperature (°C), 50, 100, 150, 200; static extraction time (min), 20; warming, up time (min), 5,7, 9 SFE: Temperature (°C), 40; pressure (bar), 150; CO2 flow rate (g/min), 60 WEPO: Temperature (°C) = 200; flow rate of supercritical water (mL/min), 0.2 |
Carnosic (diterpene) and rosmarinic acids (caffeic acid ester) | 17.8–37.9%/ 0.5–6.5%/4% |
[115] |
| Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae |
ILMSED | Fresh leaves | Microwave irradiation frequency (GHz), 2.45; power (W), 120–700 |
Carnosic (diterpene), rosmarinic acids (caffeic acid ester), and essential oil | 0.49–33.29%/0.07–3.97%/18.5–23.1% | [103] |
| Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba Linn. |
Ginkgoaceae | EAE | Leaves | time (hours), 30; ethanol-water ratio of 3:7 (v/v); pH 6 | Flavonoids | 14–28.3% | [127] |
| Cinnamon, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl |
Lauraceae | ILMSED | Inner bark | Microwave irradiation frequency (GHz), 2.45; power (W), 120–700 |
Proanthocyanidins and essential oil | 1.24–4.58% | [104] |
| Lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae | PLE | Leaves | time (min), 10; temperature (°C), 150 °C; extracting time (min), 20; warming-up time (min), 7 | Rosmarinic acid (caffeic acid ester), salvianolic acid, caffeic acid (hydroxycinnamic acid) | 12.8–60.5% | [129] |
| Lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae | EAE | Leaves | Solid/liquid ratio, 1:20; temperature (°), 50; time (hours), 2 |
Rosmarinic acid (caffeic acid ester), salvianolic acid, caffeic acid (hydroxycinnamic acid). | 56.2–65.2% | [129] |
| Myrtle, Myrtus communis L. |
Myrtaceae | MAE | Leaves and flowers | Microwave power (W), 400–600; extraction time (s), 30–90; liquid-to-solid ratio (mL/g), 20–40; ethanol proportion (%), 20–100 | α-Pinene1,8-cineole, linalool and linalyl acetate (terpene, terpene alcohols) | 20– 60% | [101] |
| Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi |
Lamiaceae | NADES -MAE | - | The mole ratio of choline chloride to lactic acid, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4; water content in choline chloride-lactic acid (%), 0, 20, 40, 60, 80. |
Baicalin (flavone glycoside) Wogonoside (glycosides of wogonin); Baicalein (flavone) Wogonin (O-methylated flavone) |
79.5–84.1% | [46] |
| Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L. |
Cucurbitaceae | UAEE | Fruit | Extraction time (min), 30–50; pH, 3–5; enzyme concentration (%), 1.5-2.5 | Polysaccharides | 29.75% (predicted value 29.8%) |
[124] |
| Asian knotweed, Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. |
Polygonaceae | UAEE | - | Power (W), 150; temperature (°C), 70; rotation (rpm), 150; frequency (kHz), 40 | Resveratrol (stilbenoid) | 3.76 mg/g– 11.88 mg/g |
[125] |
| Lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae | ASE | Leaves | Temperature (°C), 100; pressure (psi), 1500; static time (min), 5; static cycles, 1; flush volume (%), 60; purge time (s), 120. | Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid (hydroxycinnamic acids), rosmarinic acid (caffeic acid ester), quercetin (flavonol), rutin (glycoside), apigenin (flavone) |
– | [111] |
| Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Juniper, Juniperus communis ssp. nana, Immortelle, Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don fil. Mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus L. |
Lamiaceae Cupressaceae Asteraceae Anacardiaceae |
SFE | Leaves and flower | Pressure (bar), 300; temperature (K), 313; flow rate of CO2 (kg/h), 0.4 | Verbenone, germacrene D, bornyl acetate, ferruginol, trans-caryophyllene, elemol, γ-cadinene, geraniol or β-eudesmol (terpenes) | 2–8%/23.1–50%/10–23% | [98] |
| Passion flower, Passiflora alata Curtis, P. capsularis, P. cincinnata, P. edulis f. flavicarpa, P. edulis f. edulis, P. galbana, P. gibertii, P. maliformis, P. malacophylla, P. morifolia, P. mucronata, P. quadrangularis, P. racemosa, P. setacea, P. suberosa P. vitifolia, P. tenuifila |
Passifloraceae | ASE | Leaves | Temperature (°C), 40–80; ethanol concentration (% w/w), 40–100; number of extraction cycles, 1–5 |
Isoorientin, orientin, vitexin, isovitexin, rutin (flavone, apigenin flavone glucoside, glycoside) | 11.07–47.73% | [114] |
| Lemon verbena, Lippia citriodora Kunth |
Verbenaceae | NADES-MAE | Leaves | Choline chloride:lactic acid, 1:2; choline chloride:tartaric acid, 2:1; choline chloride:xylitol, 2:1; choline chloride:fructose:water, 2:1:1; choline chloride:sucrose: water, 4:1:2; MAE conditions: Power (W), 700; pressure (bar), 18; temperature (°C), 65; time (min), 20 | Gardoside, ixoside, verbascoside, verbascoside, luteolin-7-diglucuronide, apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide (iridoids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids) | 7.25–15.63 mg/g 5.43–9.02 mg/g | [106] |
| Sage, Salvia officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | SFME | - | Soaking 71% water for 1 h; extraction time (min), 20–60; humidity of the matrix (%), 60-80 | Odoriferous oxygenated monoterpenes and terpene hydrocarbons | 0.85–1.29%/ 0.85–1.59% |
[105] |
| Candy leaf, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni |
Asteraceae | PHWE | Leaves | Pressure (Pa), 10.34; static extraction time (min), 5, 10; temperature (°C), 100, 130, 160; cycle number: 1, 2, 3 | Total phenolic; condensed tannins; chlorophyll A and B total carotenoid content |
5.22–9.33 mg/g 1.37–2.29 mg/g 3.42–3.84 mg/g |
[113] |
| Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba Linn. Ginseng, Panax ginseng |
Ginkgoaceae Araliaceae |
NADES, UAE | Leaves Stems |
malic acid:choline chloride, 1:1; malic acid:glucose, 1:1; choline chloride:glucose, 5:2; malic acid:proline, 1:1; glucose:fructose-sucrose, 1:1:1; glycerol:proline:sucrose, 9:4:1; time (min), 30; temperature (°C), 40 | Ginkgolides (terpenic lactones) Ginsenosides (panaxosides) |
– | [120] |
| Blackberry, Morus nigra L. Wall germander, Teucrium chamaedrys L. Bigroot geranium, Geranium macrorrhizum L. Comfrey, Symphytum officinale L. |
Moraceae Lamiaceae Geraniaceae Boraginaceae |
SWE | Leaves Flowers Leaves Leaves |
Sample to distilled water ratio, 1:40; extraction temperature (°C), 60–200; pressure (bar), 10 extraction time (min), 30 |
Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid (phenolic acids), rutin (glycoside), quercetin (flavonol) | – | [116] |
| Oregano, Origanum glandulosum Desf., Algerian thyme, Thymus fontanesii Boiss. & Reut. |
Lamiaceae | MAE | Leaves and flowers | Solvent composition, 0, 50, 100% ethanol in water; extraction time (min), 1, 5.5, 10; temperature (°C), 30, 90, 150; microwave extraction reactor, 850 W and 2455 MHz | Gallocatechin (flavan-3-ol) rosmarinic acid (caffeic acid ester) |
5.32–18.39% | [100] |
| Immortelle, Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench |
Asteraceae | ILMHDE | Inflorescences | Microwave power (W), 120–700 | Essential oil; astragalin (3-O-glucoside of kaempferol); quercetin (flavonol); luteolin (flavone); kaempferol (flavonol); apigenin (flavone) | 5.12mg/g (essential oil), 3.05mg/g (total flavonoids) | [102] |
Abbreviations presented in Table 1.