Table 1.

The main biological activities of secondary metabolites isolated from genus Sacrophyton.

Compound Name (Number)	Soft Coral	Chemical Class	Biological Activities	Geographical Area of Collection
Crassolide 7	S. crassocaule	Diterpene	Potent cytotoxic activity against A549, HT-29, KB with IC50 range of 7.55 to 9.15 and most active against P-388 cell line with ED50 = 0.16 µg/mL [28].	Green Island, Taiwan
Sarcocrassolide A 8			Potent cytotoxic activity against A549, HT-29, KB with IC50 range of 4.29 to 8.35 and most active against P-388 cell line with ED50 = 0.14 µg/mL. Significantly decreased iNOS protein levels and COX-2 expression to 1.1 ± 0.9% and 3.9 ± 2.3%, respectively, could be a promising anti-inflammatory agent [32,58].	Green Island, Taiwan. Xisha Islands, South Sea, China. Dongsha coast, Taiwan
13-Acetoxysarcocrassolide 9			Potent cytotoxic activity against A549, HT-29, KB with IC50 range of 4.66 to 7.39 and most active against P-388 cell line with ED50 = 0.38 µg/mL and gastric carcinoma [32,58].	Green Island, Taiwan
Denticulatolide 10	S. crassocaule Sarcophyton sp.		Potent cytotoxic activity against A549, HT-29, KB with IC50 range of 5.78 to 6.46 and most active against P-388 cell line with ED50 = 0.15 µg/mL. Inhibited the colony formation of Chinese hamster V79 at ED50 = 3.6 µM, respectively and decreased the TNFα-production at 3.0–10.0 µM [28,54].	Green Island, Taiwan. Manado, North Sulawesi
Sarcophin 13	S. glaucum S. elegans S. mililatensis		Significantly decrease the viability of melanoma cells and does not show toxic effect on CV-1 cells and decrease de novo DNA synthesis and PARP activity. Exhibited cytotoxic activity toward A2780 cell line with IC50 > 10 μg/mL. Significant increase in ALP activity and collagen synthesis [75,136].	Xidao Island, Hainan, China Baycanh Island, Condao District, Baria-Vungtau province, Vietnam
Sarcophytol A 15	S. infundibuliforme		Strong antifouling activity toward the larval settlement of barnacle Balanus Amphitrite (EC50 = 2.25 µg/mL) [64].	Wenchang coral reef in the South China Sea
Sarcophytol A acetate 16			Strong antifouling activity toward the larval settlement of barnacle Balanus Amphitrite (EC50 = 1.75 µg/mL) [64].
13-Dehydroxysarcoglaucol 23	S. cherbonnieri	Diterpene	Potent cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines against cell lines with IC50 = 6.6, 5.4, 1.7 μg/mL, respectively [33].	Ra-Ra Reef, Fiji Islands, and Stanley Reef, Australia
Sarcoglaucol-16-one 25	S. cherbonnieri S. ehrenbergi		Potent cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines against cell lines with IC50 = 8.6, 7.1, 6.1 μg/mL, respectively [33].
Decaryiol 29	S. cherbonnieri		Potent cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines against cell lines with IC50 = 2.0, 7.1, 0.19 μg/mL, respectively [33].
Sarcophytolide 32	S. glaucum S. trocheliophorum		Cytotoxic activity at 500 µM concentration toward mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. Good antidiabetic activity with IC50 = 15.4 µM. Strong antibacterial activity toward methicillin-sensitive S. aureus Newman strain with MIC = 125 µg/mL [40,41,68].	Red Sea. Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
(4Z,8S,9R,12E,14E)-9-Hydroxy-1-isopropyl-8,12-dimethyloxabicyclo [9.3.2]-hexadeca-4,12,14-trien-18-one 33	Sarcophyton new sp.		Potent cytotoxicity toward breast adenocarcinoma cell line IC50 = 6.5 μg/mL [35].	Stanley Reef and Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Sarcophytolol 35	S. glaucum		Potent activity against HepG2 with IC50 = 20 ± 0.032 µM [34].	North of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea
Sarcophytolide B 36			Potent toward MCF-7 with IC50 = 25.0 ± 0.160 µM [34].
Sarcophytolide C 37			Potent activity against HepG2 with IC50 = 20 ± 0.153 µM [34].
Sarcophytonolide J 47	S. infundibuliforme		Strong antifouling activity toward the larval settlement of barnacle Balanus Amphitrite (EC50 = 7.50 µg/mL) [64].	Wenchang Coral Reef in the South China Sea
Sarcophytonolide N 50	S. trocheliophorum		Strong antidiabetic activity with IC50 = 5.95 µM [39].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
Ketoemblide 55	S. elegans	Diterpene	Significant cytotoxicity toward breast cancer MDA-MB-231 migration in a time dependent manner. Mild antidiabetic activity with IC50 = 27.2 µM [18,39].	Xisha Islands, South China Sea. Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
Yalongene A 71	S. mililatensis		Most potent immunosuppressant with IC50 = 4.8 μM and selective index = 7.2. Strong cytoprotective activity on SH-SY5Y cell injury caused by hydrogen peroxide in vitro [42,100].	Xigu Island, Hainan Province, China
Sarcrassin A 76	S. crassocaule		Potent cytotoxic activity toward KB cell lines with IC50 = 19.0 µg/mL [44].	Bay of Sanya, Hainan Island, China. Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
Sarcrassin B 77			Potent cytotoxic activity toward KB cell lines with IC50 = 5.0 µg/mL [44].
Sarcrassin D 79			Potent cytotoxicity toward KB cell lines with IC50 = 4.0 µg/mL [44].
Sarcrassin E 80	S. crassocaule S. trocheliophorum		Potent cytotoxic activity toward KB cell lines with IC50 = 13.0 µg/mL. Strong antidiabetic activity with IC50 = 6.33 µM [39].
Emblide 81	S. crassocaule S. tortuosum		Potent cytotoxic activity toward KB cell lines with IC50 = 5.0 µg/mL. Mild inhibition of the elastase release 29.2 ± 6.1% [44,74].	Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China. Lanyu Island Coast, Taiwan
Crassocolide A 82	S. crassocaule		Potent cytotoxic activity toward Hep G2, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, A549 DLD-1, and CCRF-CEM cell lines (IC50 = 3.1, 8.9, 8.6, and 11.9 µg/mL, 5.7 and 6.3 µM, respectively). Strongly decreased iNOS protein levels and COX-2 expression to 3.5% ± 0.9% and 59.4% ± 21.4%, respectively [46,61].	Kenting Coast, Taiwan. Dongsha Coast, Taiwan
Crassocolide B 83			Decrease cytotoxic activity against Liver, breast, lung, DLD-1, CCRF-CEM, and HL-60 cancer cells (IC50 = 13.1, 10.3, 12.1 11.9 µg/mL, 28.1, 8.7 and 11.1 µM, respectively). Strongly decreased iNOS protein levels to 3.2% ± 0.7% [46,61].
Crassocolide D 85	S. crassocaule	Diterpene	Potent cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7, A549, and DLD-1 cell lines with IC50 = 15.3, 12.5 µg/mL and 27.7 µM, respectively. Strongly decreased iNOS protein levels to 3.2% ± 0.6% [46,61].	Kenting Coast, Taiwan. Dongsha Coast, Taiwan
Crassocolide E 86			Potent cytotoxicity toward DLD-1, CCRF-CEM, and HL-60 cancer cells with IC50 = 8.7, 7.3, and 8.4 µM, respectively. Strongly decreased iNOS protein and COX-2 expression levels to 1.4% ± 0.4% and 32.0% ± 15.3%, respectively [46,61].	Dongsha Coast, Taiwan
Crassocolide F 87			Potent cytotoxic activity toward Hep G2, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and A549 with IC50 = 2.1, 7.4, 8.8, and 3.2 µg/mL, respectively [46].	Kenting Coast, Taiwan
Crassocolide H 90			Strong cytotoxic activity toward KB, Hela, and Daoy cell lines with IC50 = 5.3, 14.9, and 3.8 20 µg/mL, respectively [47].
Crassocolide I 91			Potent cytotoxic activity toward Daoy cell line with IC50 = 0.8 µg/mL [47].
Crassocolide J 92			Potent cytotoxic activity toward Daoy cell line with IC50 = 2.8 µg/mL [47].
Crassocolide K 93			Potent cytotoxic activity toward Daoy cell line with IC50 = 2.5 µg/mL [47].
Crassocolide L 94			Strong cytotoxic activity toward KB, Hela, and Daoy cell lines with IC50 = 12.2, 8.0, and 4.1 µg/mL [47].
Crassocolide M 95			Potent cytotoxic activity toward Daoy cell line with IC50 = 1.1 µg/mL [47].
Crassocolide N 96			Potent cytotoxic activity against KB, HeLa, and Daoy cells (IC50 = 4.7, 4.7, and 2.8 µg/mL, respectively) [47].	Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan
Crassocolide O 97			Potent cytotoxicity against Daoy cells IC50 = 4.5 µg/mL [47].
Crassocolide P 98	S. crassocaule	Diterpene	Potent and selective cytotoxicity against Daoy cells growth IC50 = 1.9 µg/mL [47].	Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan
Sarcostolide A 102	S. stolidotum		Potent cytotoxic activity toward HeLa and WiDr cell lines with IC50 = 22.26 and 19.97 μg/mL, respectively [50].	Kenting, off the southern coast, Taiwan
Sarcostolide B 103			Potent cytotoxic activity toward WiDr with IC50 = 8.31 μg/mL and HeLa and cell lines with IC50 = 5.88 μg/mL [50].
Sarcostolide C 104			Most potent cytotoxic activity toward HeLa cell lines with IC50 = 1.65 μg/mL and WiDr with IC50 = 19.35 μg/mL [50].
Sarcostolide D 105			Potent cytotoxic activity toward HeLa and WiDr cell lines with IC50 = 11.05 and 29.09 μg/mL, respectively [50].
Sarcostolide E 106			Potent cytotoxic activity toward HeLa and WiDr cell lines with IC50 = 16.75 and 27.48μg/mL, respectively, and Daoy with IC50 = 5.5 μg/mL [50].
Sarcostolide F 107			Potent cytotoxic activity toward HeLa and WiDr cell lines with IC50 = 7.32 and 28.84 μg/mL, respectively [50].
Sarcostolide G 108			Potent cytotoxic activity toward HeLa and WiDr cell lines with IC50 = 18.45 and 20.06 μg/mL, respectively [50].
(-)-7β-Hydroxy-8α-methoxy-deepoxy-sarcophytoxide 110	S. mililatensis		Significant increase in the ALP activity collagen synthesis [51].	Baycanh Island, Condao District, Baria-Vungtau Province, Vietnam
(+)-7β,8β-Dihydroxy-deepoxy-sarcophytoxide 111
(-)-17-Hydroxysarcophytonin A 112
Sarcophytol V 113
Sarcophytoxide 114	S. mililatensis S. glaucum Sarcophyton sp. S. trocheliophorum	Diterpene	Significant increase in the ALP activity collagen synthesis. Strong activity toward MCF-7 and HCT116 cells with IC50 = 9.9 ± 0.03 and 25.8 ± 0.03 µM, respectively. Activity toward Hep G2, Hep 3B, MDA-MB-231, A549, and Ca9-22 cell lines with IC50 = 16.2, 12.4, 13.2, 15.3, and 18.9 µg/mL, respectively [51,55,78].	Baycanh Island, Condao District, Baria-Vungtau Province, Vietnam. Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
7β-Acetoxy-8α-hydroxydeepoxy-sarcophine 116	S. glaucum		Potent cytotoxicity toward HepG2, HCT-116, and HeLa cells with IC50 = 3.6, 2.3, and 6.7 μg/mL, respectively [65].	Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
7α,8β-Dihydroxydeepoxysarcophine 117	S. elegans S. auritum S. glaucum		Cytotoxic activity toward A2780 cell line with IC50 > 10 μg/mL and against both breast and liver cancer cell lines with IC50 = 18.4 ± 0.16, 11 ± 0.22 µg/mL, respectively. Significantly decrease the viability of melanoma cells at 500 (72 hr) treatment., does not show toxic effect CV-1 cells and decrease de novo DNA synthesis and PARP activity [75,136].	Xidao Island, Hainan, China. Xidao Island, Hainan, China. Safaga Red Sea, Egypt
Ent-sarcophine 122	S. glaucum		Potent suppression of the phase I enzyme cytochrome P450 1A activity with IC50 = 3.4 µM [66].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
Lobohedleolide 125	Sarcophyton sp.		Most potent, inhibited the colony formation of Chinese hamster V79 at ED50 = 4.6 µM and decreased the TNFα-production at 3.0–10.0 µM [54].	Manado, North Sulawesi
(7Z)- Lobohedleolide 126			Most potent, inhibited the colony formation of Chinese hamster V79 at ED50 = 4.6 µM and decreased the TNFα-production at 3.0–10.0 µM [54].
7-Acetyl-8-epi- sinumaximol G 131	S. ehrenbergi		Cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 with IC50 range 22.39 to 27.12 µg/mL [56].	Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
8-Epi- sinumaximol G 132
12-Acetyl-7, 12-epi- sinumaximol G 133
12-Hydroxysarcoph-10-ene 134
8-Hydroxy-epi-sarcophinone 135
Sinumaximol G 136
Sarcocrassocolide A 137	S. crassocaule	Diterpene	Potent cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7, WiDr, HEp-2, and Daoy cancer with IC50 = 4.2, 3.2, 2.0, and 4.1 µg/mL, respectively. Decreased the levels of iNOS protein to 13.7 ± 5.2% at a concentration of 10 µM [58].	Dongsha Coast, Taiwan
Sarcocrassocolide B 138			Potent cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7, WiDr, HEp-2, and Daoy cancer with IC50 = 4.2, 3.2, 1.2, and 1.8 µg/mL, respectively. Significantly decreased the levels of iNOS protein to 3.3 ± 5.0% at a concentration of 10 µM [58].
Sarcocrassocolide C 139			Potent cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7, WiDr, HEp-2, and Daoy cancer with IC50 = 6.2, 4.5, 2.6, and 4.0 µg/mL, respectively. Decrease significantly iNOS protein levels to 4.6 ± 1.3% at a concentration of 10 µM [58].
Sarcocrassocolide D 140			Potent cytotoxic activity toward MCF-7, WiDr, HEp-2, and Daoy cancer with IC50 = 8.8, 5.6, 3.2, and 5.4 µg/mL, respectively. Decrease significantly iNOS protein levels to 7.0 ± 3.1% at a concentration of 10 µM [58].
Sarcocrassocolide F 143			Potent toward MCF-7 cells with ED50 = 19.4 ± 2.4 μM. Decreased iNOS protein levels [59].
Sarcocrassocolide G 144			Potent toward Daoy, HEp-2 and WiDr cells with ED50 = 8.3 ± 1.4, 16.5 ± 1.7 and 18.9 ± 1.9 μM, respectively. Decreased iNOS protein levels [59].
Sarcocrassocolide H 145			Most potent toward MCF-7 ED50 = 9.4 ± 2.5 μM. Significantly suppressed both iNOS and COX-2 proteins expression [59].
Sarcocrassocolide I 146			Most potent toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7, and WiDr cell lines with ED50 = 5.1 ± 1.2, 5.8 ± 0.5, 8.4 ± 1.5, and 6.4 ± 2.0 μM. Decreased iNOS protein levels [59].
Sarcocrassocolide J 147			Least potent toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7, and WiDr cell lines with ED50 = >20 μM. Decreased iNOS protein levels [59].
Sarcocrassocolide L 149	S. crassocaule	Diterpene	Least potent toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7, and WiDr cell lines with ED50 = >20 μM. Reduced iNOS protein levels [59].	Dongsha Coast, Taiwan
Sarcocrassocolide M 150			Potent cytotoxicity toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7, and WiDr with IC50 = 6.6 ± 0.8, 5.2 ± 0.6, and 5.0 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. Significantly decreased iNOS protein levels and COX-2 expression to 4.2 ± 1.6% and 62.8 ± 22.4%, respectively [60].
Sarcocrassocolide N 151			Potent cytotoxicity toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7, and WiDr with IC50 = 10.4 ±1.1, 12.3 ± 1.6, and 12.4 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. Significantly decreased iNOS protein levels to 52.9 ± 12.8% [60].
Sarcocrassocolide O 152			Potent cytotoxicity toward Daoy, HEp-2, MCF-7, and WiDr with IC50 = 10.6 ± 0.5, 10.1 ± 2.3, and 6.4 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. Significantly decreased the levels of iNOS protein to 22.7 ± 2.8% [60].
Sarcocrassocolide P 153			Potent cytotoxic against DLD-1 and HL-6 (IC50 = 21.8 and 24.9 µM, respectively. Strongly reduced iNOS protein levels with 1.3% ± 0.3% [61].
Sarcocrassocolide Q 154			Potent cytotoxic toward only HL-6 (IC50 = 18.6 µM). Decreased iNOS protein levels and COX-2 expression with 2.4% ± 0.4% and 58.3% ± 20.5, respectively [61].
Sarcocrassocolide R 155			Potent cytotoxicity toward DLD-1, CCRF-CEM, and HL-60 cancer cells (IC50 = 10.0, 3.8, and 7.9 µM, respectively). Strongly reduced iNOS protein levels to 1.2% ± 0.3% [61].
(+)-12-Carboxy-11Z-sarcophytoxide 157	S. ehrenbergi		Antiviral activity toward HCMV with IC50 = 180.7 µM [63].
(+)-12-Methoxycarbonyl-11Z-sarcophine 158	S. ehrenbergi	Diterpene	Antiviral activity toward HCMV with IC50 = 5.8, 24.2, 24.8, 4.7, and 16.1 µM, respectively [63].	Dongsha Atoll off Taiwan
Ehrenberoxide A 159
Ehrenberoxide B 160
Ehrenberoxide C 161
Lobophynin C 162
Cembrene C 163	S. trocheliophorum		Mild antidiabetic activity with IC50 = 26.6 µM. Antifungal activity toward Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans (MIC = 0.68 µM) [39,77].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China. Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Sarcophytol B 164	Sarcophyton sp.		Potent antibacterial activity toward Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus albus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (MIC = 3.13, 1.56, and 0.50 μM, respectively) [73].	Xuwen Coral Reef Area, Guangdong Province, China
Sarcophytol H 166	S. infundibuliforme		Strong antifouling activity toward the larval settlement of barnacle Balanus Amphitrite (EC50 = 8.13 µg/mL) [64].	Wenchang Coral Reef in the South China Sea
(–)-Marasol 167	S. infundibuliforme S. glaucum		Antifouling activity on larval adherence of the barnacle Balanus Amphitrite at concentration of 10.0 µg/mL [73].	Xuwen Coral Reef, Guangdong Province, China
12(S)-Hydroperoxylsarcoph-10-ene 170	S. glaucum		Potent suppression of the phase I enzyme cytochrome P450 1A activity with IC50 = 2.7 µM [66].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
8-Epi-sarcophinone 171			Potent suppression of the phase I enzyme cytochrome P450 1A activity with IC50 = 3.7 µM [66].
Methyl sarcotroate B 173	S. trocheliophorum		Strong inhibitory activity toward PTP1B with IC50 = 6.97 μM [67].
(1S,2E,4R,6E,8S,11R,12S)-8,11-Epoxy-4,12-epoxy-2,6-cembradiene 175	S. glaucum		Cytotoxic activity at 500 µM concentration toward mouse melanoma B16F10 cells [68].	Red Sea
(1S,4R,13S)-Cembra-2E,7E,11E-trien-4,13-diol 177
Ehrenbergol B 179	S. ehrenbergi		Strong antiviral activity with IC50 = 5 µg/mL [69].	San-Hsian-Tai, Taitong County, Taiwan
Sarcophyolide B 181	S. elegans	Diterpene	Most potent cytotoxic activity toward A2780 with IC50 = 2.92 μM [22].	Xidao Island, Hainan, China
Sarcophyolide C 182			Cytotoxic activity toward A2780 cell line with IC50 > 10 μg/mL [22].
Sarcophyolide D 183
Sarcophyolide E 184
Sarcophytol L 185
13α-Hydroxysarcophytol L 186
Sarcophyolide A 187
Sarcophinone 188
7α-Hydroxy-Δ8(19)-deepoxysarcophine 189
4β-Hydroxy-Δ2(3)-sarcophine 190
1,15β-Epoxy-2-epi-16-deoxysarcophine 191
Sarcophytol Q 192
Lobocrasol 193			Most potent cytotoxic activity toward A2780 cell line with IC50 = 3.37 μM [22].
Acetyl ehrenberoxide B 194	S. ehrenbergi		Antiviral activity toward HCMV with IC50 = 8 µg/mL [72].	San-Hsian-Tai, Taitong County, Taiwan
Ehrenbergol C 195			Antiviral activity toward HCMV with IC50 = 20 µg/mL [72].
Tortuosene A 201	S. tortuosum		Potent inhibition 56.0 ± 3.1% against FMLP/CB-induced superoxide anion generation [74].	Lanyu Coast Island of Taiwan
Tortuosene B 202			Mild inhibition of the elastase release 13.7 ± 3.5 [74].
Sarcotrocheliol acetate 213	S. glaucum S. trocheliophorum		Strong activity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 = 19.9 ± 0.02 and 2.4 ± 0.04 µM, respectively. Strong antibacterial activity with inhibition zones range (12 to 18 mm) and MICs between 1.53 to 4.34 µM, toward Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp., and MRSA [77,78].	Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Sarcotrocheliol 214	S. glaucum	Diterpene	Strong antibacterial activity with inhibition zones range from 12 to 18 mm and MICs between 1.53 and 4.34 µM, toward Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp., and MRSA. Strong activity toward MCF-7 cells with IC50 = 3.2 ± 0.02 µM, respectively [77,78].	Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Sarcophinediol 215			Strong activity against HepG2 and HCT116 with IC50 = 18.8 ± 0.07 and 19.4 ± 0.02 µM, respectively [78].
2-[(E,E,E)-7′,8′-Epoxy-4′,8′,12′- trimethylcyclotetradeca-1′,3′,11′-trienyl]propan-2-ol 209	Sarcophyton sp.		Mild inhibition more than 10% at a concentration of 20 μM toward the MCF-7 cell line [76].	Dongshan island, China
Crassumol C 211
Laevigatol A 212
Sarsolilide B 220	S. trocheliophorum		Inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B IC50 = 6.8 ± 0.9 μM [80].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
Sarsolilide C 221			Inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B IC50 = 27.1 ± 2.6 μM [81].
Trocheliophol E 228			Mild inhibition toward inflammation-related NF-kB by 11% [81].	Weizhou Island, Southwestern China
Trocheliophol F 229			Mild inhibition toward inflammation-related NF-kB by 29% [81].
Trocheliophol H 231			Antibacterial activity toward Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC = 8 to 32 µg/mL [81].
Trocheliophol I 232
Trocheliophol L 235			Antibacterial activity toward Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC = 8 to 32 µg/mL [81].
Trocheliophol M 236			Mild inhibition toward inflammation-related NF-kB by 14% [81].
Trocheliophol N 237			Antibacterial activity toward Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC = 8 to 32 µg/mL [81].
Trocheliophol O 238	S. trocheliophorum	Diterpene	Antibacterial activity toward Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC = 8 to 32 µg/mL [81].	Weizhou Island, Southwestern China
Trocheliophol R 241
Trocheliophol S 242			Most potent antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus [81].
4-Epi-sarcophytol L 243			Antibacterial activity toward Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC = 8 to 32 µg/mL [81].
Sarcophelegan B 245	S. elegans		Significant cytotoxicity toward breast cancer MDA-MB-231 migration in a time dependent manner [18].	Xisha Islands, South China Sea
Ehrenbergol D 251	S. ehrenbergi		Potent cytotoxic activity P-388 cell line with EC50 = 2.0 μM. Significant TNF-α inhibition IC50 = 24.2 μM [82,97].	San-Hsian-Tai Island (Taitong)
Ehrenbergol E 252			Potent cytotoxic activity P-388 cell line with EC50 = 3.0 μM [82].
Secodihydrosarsolenone 287	S. trocheliophorum		Restrained activity toward PTP1B with IC50 = 13.7 µmol/L [92].	The South China Sea Coral Reef
Sarelengan C 297	S. elegans		Significant inhibitory action on nitric oxide synthesis in RAW264.7 macrophages, with IC50 = 32.5 µM [94].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
Sarcoehrenbergilid D 307	S. ehrenbergi		Strong cytotoxicity against A549 cells with IC25 = 23.3 μM [96].	Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
Sarcoehrenbergilid E 308			Strong cytotoxicity activity against A549 and HepG2 cells with IC25 = 27.3 and 22.6 μM, respectively [96].
Sarcoehrenbergilid F 309			Strong cytotoxic activity against A549 cells with IC25 = 25.4 μM [96].
Sarcoehrenolide A 310			Significant TNF-α inhibition IC50 = 28.5 μM [97].	Weizhou Island, Guangxi Province, China
Sarcoehrenolide B 311			Significant TNF-α inhibition IC50 = 8.5 μM [97].
Sarcoehrenolide D 313			Significant TNF-α inhibition IC50 = 27.3 μM [97].
Sarinfacetamide A 315	S. infundibuliforme	Diterpene	Increase effects of the ConA-induced T lymphocytes with 6.18% and 36.32% proliferation rates, respectively [98].	Ximao Island, Hainan Province, China
Nanolobatin B 317
(1S,2E,4R,6E,8S,11S,12S)-11,12-Epoxy-8-hydroperoxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-cembradiene 318	Sarcophyton sp.		Potent antibacterial activity toward pathogens as Alteromonas sp., Cytophaga-Flavobacterium, and Vibrio sp. from seaweed, with antibiosis index = 0.5, 1.25, and 1.75, respectively [99].	Bohey Dulang, Semporna, Sabah
Glaucumolides A and B 329–330	S. glaucum	Biscembrane	Potent cytotoxicity toward HL-60 and CCRF-CEM cancer cell lines with IC50 = 6.6 ± 1.2, 3.8 ± 0.9, 5.3 ± 1.4, and 7.4 ± 1.5μg/mL, respectively. Strong inhibition against superoxide anion generation with IC50 = 2.79 ± 0.66 μM and 2.79 ± 0.32 μM, respectively, and elastase release with IC50 = 3.97 ± 0.10 μM for both compounds and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity both significantly prevent the accumulation nitric oxide synthase protein [103].	From the wild and cultured in cultivation tank in the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Taiwan
Bislatumlide A and B 340–341	S. latum		Potent activity against A549 and WiDr tumor cell with IC50 = 7 µg/mL and murine lymphocytic leukemia with IC50 = of 5.8 µg/mL [105].	Ximao Island, Hainan Province, China
Methyl tetrahydrosarcoate 342	S. elegans		Lethality bioassay exhibited IC50 = 1.5 μM [106].	Kitangambwe, Kenya
Dioxanyalolide 347			Antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli. Lethality bioassay exhibited IC50 = 1.5 μM [106].
Sarelengan B 363			Significant inhibitory action on nitric oxide synthesis in RAW264.7 macrophages, with IC50 = 18.2 µM [94].	Yalong Bay, Hainan Province, China
(+)-alloaromadendrene 364	S. glaucum	Sesquiterpene	Most potent with IC50 = 20.0 ± 0.068, 20.0 ± 0.054, and 09.3 ± 0.164 µM toward HepG2, MCF-7, and PC-3, respectively. Significant inhibition to +SA mammary epithelial cell growth [34].	North of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red sea
Palustrol 370	S. trocheliophorum		Potent activity toward Lymphoma and Erlish cell lines with LD50 range from 2.5 to 3.79 µM [77].	Red Sea, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
6-Oxo-germacra-4(15),8,11-triene 373	S. glaucum		Strong activity against HCT116 with IC50 = 25.8 ± 0.03 µM [78].
23,24-Dimethylcholest-16(17)-E-ene-3β,5α,6β,20(S)-tetraol 374	S. trocheliophorum	Sterol	Strong cytotoxicity toward human M14, HL60, and MCF7 cells (EC50 = 4.3, 2.8, and 4.9 µg/mL, respectively), with a dose-dependent manner [29].	Pulau Hantu Island, South Singapore
24-Methylcholestane-3β,5α,6β,25-tetraol-25-monoacetate 375	S. crassocaule S. glaucum S. trocheliophorum		Potent activity toward the P-388, A549, and HT-29 cell lines with cell line with ED50 = 3.96, 6.6, and 0.6 µg/mL, respectively. Strong cytotoxicity against M14, HL60, and MCF7 cells with EC50 = 19.6, 13.2, and 34.5 µg/mL, respectively, with a dose-dependent manner [28].	Green Island, off Taiwan. Pulau Hantu Island, South Singapore
(24S)-24-Methylcholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol 377	S. crassocaule		Potent activity toward the P-388 cell line with ED50 = 0.14 µg/mL, respectively [28].	Green Island, off Taiwan
Sardisterol 378	S. ehrenbergi		Potent activity against A-549 cell line with IC50 = 27.3 μM [95].	Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
11α-Acetoxy-cholesta-24-en-3β,5α,6β-triol 384	Sarcophyton sp.		Potent toward antibacterial activity toward Escherichia coli and and Bacillus megaterium, and antifungal activity toward Microbotryum violaceum and Septoria tritici fungi [115].	The coast of Weizhou Island, Guangxi Province of China
(22E,24S)-11α-Acetoxy-ergostane-22,25-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol 385
11α-Acetoxy-gorgostane-3β,5α,6β,12α-tetraol 389
12α-Acetoxy-gorgostane-3β,5α,6β,11α-tetraol 390
Sarcoaldosterol A 391
Sarcoaldesterol B 396	S. glaucum		Cytotoxicity toward HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and A-549 cell lines with IC50 = 9.7, 14.0, and 15.8 µg/mL, respectively [70].	Jihui Fishing Port Coast, Taitung county, Taiwan
(24S)-Ergostan-3β,5α,6β,25-tetraol 25-monoacetate 398	Sarcophyton sp.		Potent cytotoxic toward K562 with IC50 = 12.30 µg/mL [116].	Xuwen Coral Reef, South China Sea
(24S)-24-methylcholestan-3β,6β,25-triol-25-O-acetate 399			Potent activity toward Staphylococcus albus with MIC = 20 µg/mL [116].
(24S)-24-Methylcholestan-1β,3β,5α,6β,25-pentaol-25-monoacetate 401			Potent cytotoxicity toward K562 with IC50 = 4.95 µg/mL. Potent activity toward Staphylococcus albus with MIC = 20 µg/mL [116].
(24S)-Methylcholestan-3β,5α,6β,12β,25-pentaol-25-O-acetate 402	Sarcophyton sp.	Sterol	Potent cytotoxic toward K562 with IC50 = 4.10 µg/mL [116].	Xuwen Coral Reef, South China Sea
(24S)-Ergostan-3β,5α,6β,18,25-pentaol 18,25-diacetate 403			Potent cytotoxic toward K562 with IC50 = 5.25 µg/mL [116].
Zahramycin B 405	S. trocheliophorum		Potent antimicrobial (15 mm) and (12 mm) activity toward Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, and potent activity toward Pythium ultimum pathogenic fungus (12 mm) [117].	Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
(23R,24R,17Z)-11α-Acetoxy-16β-methoxy-23,24-dimethylcholest-17(20)-en-3β,5α,6β-triol 406	Sarcophyton sp.		Strong cytotoxic activity against K562, HL-60, and HeLa cell lines with IC50 range of 6.4 to 24.7 μM [118].	South Sea, Weizhou Islands
11α-Acetoxycholest-24-en-1α,3β,5α,6β-tetraol 408			Potent activity toward K562 and HL-60 with IC50 range of 9.1 to 17.2 μM [118].
(24R)-Methylcholest-7-en-3β,5α,6β-triol 409			Potent anti-H1N1 virus activity with IC50 = 19.6 μg/mL [118].
11α-Acetoxy-cholest-24-en-3β,5α,6β-triol 410			Potent activity toward K562 and HL-60 with IC50 range of 9.1 to 17.2 μM [118].
(22E,24S)-11α-Acetoxy-ergost-22, 25-dien-3β,5α,6β-triol 411			Strong cytotoxicity against, K562, HL-60, HeLa cell lines with IC50 range of 6.4 to 24.7 μM [118].
(24S)-11α-Acetoxy-ergost-3β,5α,6β-triol 412			Potent activity toward K562 and HL-60 with IC50 range of 9.1 to 17.2 μM [118].
(24R)-11α-Acetoxy-gorgost-3β,5α,6β-triol 413			Strong cytotoxicity toward, K562, HL-60, HeLa cell lines with IC50 range of 6.4 to 24.7 μM [118].
(24S)-Ergost-3β,5α,6β,11α-tetraol 414			Potent anti-H1N1 virus activity with IC50 = 36.7 μg/mL [118].
Sarcomilasterol 419	S. glaucum		Cytotoxicity toward MDA-MB-231, MOLT-4, SUP-T, and U-937 cell lines with IC50 = 13.8, 6.7, 10.5, and 17.7 µg/mL, respectively [70].	Jihui Fishing Port Coast, Taitung County, Taiwan
Butenolides 430–433	S. trocheliophorum	Miscellaneous	Active against gram positive bacteria only [122].	Gulf of Aqaba, Tel Aviv
Sarcophytonamine 440	S. crassocaule		Protection against UV radiation for organism [124].	Lingshui Bay, Hainan Province, China
Ceramide 469	S. ehrenbergi S. auritum	Miscellaneous	Decreased iNOs to 46.9 ± 9.7% and COX-2 level to 77.2 ± 9.9%. Anticonvulsant activity, successfully opposed the lethality of pentylenetetrazole in mice. Significant anxiolytic activity [129,135].	Dongsha Islands, Taiwan Red Sea
Methyl tortuoate A 476	S. tortuosum		Strong cytotoxic activity toward CNE-2 and P-388 cell lines with IC50 = 22.7, 3.5, 24.7, and 5.0 µg/mL, respectively [131].	Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China
Methyl tortuoate B 477			Strong cytotoxic activity toward CNE-2 and P-388 cell lines with IC50 = 24.7 and 5.0 µg/mL, respectively [131].
Methyl sartortuoate 478	S. pauciplicatum		Good cytotoxic activity toward HepG2, HL-60, KB, LNCaP, LU-1, MCF7, SK-Mel2, and SW480 cancer cells with IC50 ranged from 7.93 ± 2.08 to 19.34 ± 0.72 µM [108].	Hai Phong, Vietnam