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. 2019 Dec 19;18(1):5. doi: 10.3390/md18010005

Table 1.

Marine pharmacology in 2014–2015: marine compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, antituberculosis, antiprotozoal, antiviral, and anthelmintic activities.

Drug Class Compound/Organism a Chemistry Pharmacologic Activity IC50 b MMOA b Country c References
Antibacterial axinellamines A and B (1, 2)/sponge Alkaloid f Gram-positive and negative inhibition 0.5–32 μg/mL + Normal cellular division inhibition USA [24]
Antibacterial buanmycin (3)/bacterium Polyketide d S. enterica inhibition 0.7 μM + Sortase A inhibition S. KOR [25]
Antibacterial cathelicidin (4)/sea snake Peptide f Gram-positive and negative inhibition 0.16–20.7 μg/mL + Membrane morphology alteration CHN [26]
Antibacterial clavanin A (5)/ascidian Peptide f S. aureus and E. coli infection inhibition 10 mg/kg *** IL-6 and TNF-α inhibition BRA [27]
Antibacterial gelliusterol E (6)/sponge Terpenoid e C. trachomatis inhibition 2.34 μM OmpA protein inhibition EGY, GBR [28]
Antibacterial ianthelliformisamimes B and C (7, 8)/sponge Alkaloid f Enhanced antibiotics against E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, K. Pneumoniae MDR strains in vitro 3.12–12.5 μM * Enhancement of drug transporters FRA [29]
Antibacterial pardaxin (9)/flatfish Peptide f MR S. aureus inhibition in vivo 8 mg/mL * MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α inhibition TWN [30]
Antibacterial phlorofucofuroeckol-A (10)/alga Polyketide d MR S. aureus inhibition 32 μg/mL + PBP2a suppresion S. KOR [31]
Antibacterial salinamide F (11)/bacterium Peptide f E. coli inhibition 0.2 μg/mL + RNAP inhibition USA [32]
Antibacterial piscidins (12, 13)/fish Peptide f K. pneumonia and A. baumannii inhibition in vitro 1.5–3.1 μM + Undetermined TWN [33]
Antibacterial adametizine A (14)/fungus Terpenoid e S. aureus inhibition 8 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [34]
Antibacterial agelamadins A and B (15, 16)/sponge Alkaloid f M. luteus and C. neoformans inhibition 5–8 μg/mL + Undetermined AUS, JPN [35]
Antibacterial Aspergillus sp. butyrolactone (17)/fungus Terpenoid e S. aureus and B. cereus inhibition 1.56 μM + Undetermined CHN [36]
Antibacterial aszonapyrone A (18)/fungus Terpenoid e S. aureus and B. subtilis inhibition 8 μg/mL + Undetermined PRT, THAI [37]
Antibacterial austalide R (19)/fungus Terpenoid e Marine bacteria inhibition 0.1 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN, DEU, GBR [38]
Antibacterial citrifelin B (20)/fungus Polyketide d S. aureus inhibition 4 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [39]
Antibacterial desmethylisaridin C1 (21)/fungus Peptide f E. coli inhibition 8 μg/mL Undetermined CHN [40]
Antibacterial D. granulosa diphenyl ethers (22, 23)/sponge Polyketide d Gram-positive and negative inhibition 1–16 μg/mL + Undetermined USA [41]
Antibacterial diaporthalasin (24) /fungus Terpenoid e MR S. aureus inhibition 2 μg/mL + Undetermined THAI [42]
Antibacterial D. pulchra furanones (25, 26)/alga Alkaloid f P. aeruginosa biofilm inhibition 1.3 μM + Undetermined BRA, FRA, USA [43]
Antibacterial aureol B (27)/ sponge Terpenoid e Gram-positive and negative inhibition 1 μg/mL + Undetermined S. KOR [44]
Antibacterial dysidinoid A (28)/sponge Terpenoid e MR S. aureus inhibition 8 μg/mL ** Undetermined CHN [45]
Antibacterial Eunicea sp. compounds (29, 30)/sponge Terpenoid e P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm inhibition 0.5 mg/mL + Undetermined COL [46]
Antibacterial flavipesin A (31)/fungus Polyketide d S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition 0.25–8 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [47]
Antibacterial gageopeptides A–D (32–35)/bacterium Peptide f S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition 0.04–0.08 μM + Undetermined BGD, S. KOR [48]
Antibacterial gageotetrins A–C (36–38)/bacterium Peptide f S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition 0.02–0.04 μM + Undetermined BGD, S. KOR [49]
Antibacterial hormaomycin B (39)/bacterium Peptide f S. aureus and K. rhizophila inhibition 0.4–7 μM + Undetermined S. KOR [50]
Antibacterial ieodoglucomide C (40)/bacterium Glycolipid Gram-positive and negative inhibition 0.01–0.05 μM + Undetermined S. KOR [51]
Antibacterial isoikarugamycin (41)/bacterium Alkaloid f/ Terpenoid e MR S.aureus 2–4 μg/mL + Undetermined ESP [52]
Antibacterial keramadine (42)/sponge Alkaloid f M. luteus inhibition 4 μg/mL + Undetermined AUS, JPN [53]
Antibacterial Ircinia sp. secosterols (43, 44)/sponge Terpenoid e M. luteus and S. epidermidis inhibition 3.1, 6.3 μg/mL Undetermined S. KOR [54,55]
Antibacterial L. dendyi terpenoids (45, 46)/sponge Polyketide d MR S. aureus inhibition 0.05–0.29 μM Undetermined USA [56]
Antibacterial lindgomycin (47)/fungus Polyketide d MR S. aureus inhibition 5.1 μM Undetermined CHN, DEU [57]
Antibacterial marformysin D (48)/bacterium Peptide f M. luteus inhibition 0.063 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [58]
Antibacterial mollemycin A (49)/bacterium Polyketide d S. aureus and S. epidermidis inhibition 0.05 μM Undetermined AUS [59]
Antibacterial neolaurene (50)/alga Terpenoid e S. typhi and S. aureus inhibition 7.5 μg/mL Undetermined MYS [60]
Antibacterial penicyclone A (51)/fungus Polyketide d S. aureus inhibition 0.3 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [61]
Antibacterial P. oxalicum enamide (52)/fungus Polyketide d S. aureus inhibition 2 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [62]
Antibacterial puupehenol (53)/ sponge Terpenoid e B. cereus and S. aureus inhibition 10 μg/disk + Undetermined AUS, USA [63]
Antibacterial phyllospongin E (54)/sponge Terpenoid e B. cereus and S. aureus inhibition 2.5–3.3 μg/mL + Undetermined EGY, GBR [64]
Antibacterial sarcotrocheliols (55, 56)/soft coral Terpenoid e MR S. aureus inhibition 1.5–4.3 μM + Undetermined SAU [65]
Antibacterial spiromastixone J (57)/fungus Polyketide d MR S. aureus inhibition 2 μM Undetermined CHN, DEU [66]
Antibacterial stachyin B (58)/fungus Alkaloid f /Terpenoid e MR S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition 1.4–1.7 μM Undetermined CHN, DEU [67]
Antibacterial Streptomyces sp. glycoside (59)/bacterium Polyketide d C. trachomatis inhibition 4.03 μM Undetermined EGY, DEU [68]
Antibacterial subergosterones A–C (60–62)/gorgonian coral Terpenoid e B. cereus inhibition 1.6–3.1 μM + Undetermined CHN [69]
Antibacterial vitroprocine A (63)/bacterium Polyketide d A. baumannii inhibition 8 μg/mL + Undetermined TWN, USA [70]
Antibacterial xestospongiamide (64)/sponge Polyketide d Gram-positive and negative inhibition 2.5 μM + Undetermined EGY, SAU [71]
Antifungal bahamaolide A (65)/bacterium Polyketide d C. albicans inhibition 1.5–3.1 μg/mL + ICL inhibition S. KOR [72]
Antifungal heronamide C (66)/bacterium Polyketal/
alkaloid f 		S. pombe cell inhibition 5.8 μM + Alteration of membrane microdomains JPN [73]
Antifungal forazoline A (67)/bacterium Polyketide d C. albicans inhibition 16 μg/mL + Affected membrane integrity USA [74]
Antifungal aaptamine derivative (68)/sponge Alkaloid f T. rubrum inhibition 4 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [75]
Antifungal amphidinin G (69)/dinoflagellate Polyketide d T. mentagrophytes inhibition 8 μg/mL Undetermined JPN [76]
Antifungal amphidinol 18 (70)/dinoflagellate Polyketide d C. albicans inhibition 9 μg/mL + Undetermined ITA [77]
Antifungal crambescin homologues (71–73)/sponge Alkaloid f C. neoformans var. gattii inhibition 0.85–2.6 μM + Undetermined USA [78]
Antifungal coustesides C and D (74, 75)/sea cucumber Terpenoid glycoside e C. albicans inhibition 1 mg/mL ++ Undetermined EGY, S.KOR [79]
Antifungal L. okamurai laurenes (76–78)/alga Terpenoid e C. glabrata inhibition 2–4 μg/mL ** Undetermined CHN [80,81]
Antifungal mohangamide A (79)/bacterium Peptide f C. albicans isocitrate lyase inhibition 4.4 μM Undetermined S. KOR [82]
Antifungal pleosporallin E (80)/fungus Polyketide d C. albicans inhibition 7.44 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [83]
Antifungal S. purpurea lysophospholipid (81)/sponge Phospholipid C. glabrata and C. neoformans inhibition 4 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [84]
Antifungal taurospongin A (82)/sponge Polyketide d C. neoformans inhibition 1 μg/mL + Undetermined AUS, JPN [85]
Antifungal variegatuside D (83)/sea cucumber Terpenoid glycoside e Several Candida species inhibition 3.4–13.6 μg/mL + Undetermined CHN [86]
Antifungal xestospongiamide (64)/sponge Polyketide d A. niger and C. albicans inhibition >5 μM + Undetermined EGY, SAU [71]
Antimalarial C. hooperi isonitrile (84)/sponge Terpenoid e P. falciparum D6 and W2 strain inhibition 4.3–4.7 nM β-hematin inhibition USA, ZAF [87]
Antimalarial actinoramide A (85)/bacterium Peptide f P. falciparum strains inhibition 0.2 μM Undetermined CRI, USA [88]
Antimalarial diacarperoxide J (86)/sponge Terpenoid e P. falciparum D6 and W2 strain inhibition 1.6–1.8 μM Undetermined CHN, USA [89]
Antimalarial laevigatol A (87)/soft coral Terpenoid e P. falciparum NF54 strain inhibition 3.0 μM Undetermined CHE, DEU, S. KOR, VNM [90]
Antimalarial mollemycin A (49)/bacterium Polyketide d P. falciparum 3D7and Dd2 strain inhibition 7–9 nM Undetermined AUS [59]
Antimalarial mon amphilectines B and C (88, 89)/sponge Terpenoid e P. falciparum 3D7strain inhibition 44 nM Undetermined USA [91]
Antimalarial netamine K (90)/sponge Alkaloid f P. falciparum inhibition 2.4 μM Undetermined BEL, FRA, ISR [92]
Antimalarial P. ocellata sesquiterpenes (91–93)/nudibranch Terpenoid e P. falciparum inhibition 0.26–0.3 μM Undetermined AUS, ITA [93]
Antimalarial P. simplex polyketide (94)/sponge Polyketide d P. falciparum D10 and W2 strain inhibition 2.7–4.0 μM Undetermined CHN, ITA [94]
Antiprotozoal plakortide E (95)/sponge Polyketide d T. brucei inhibition 5 μM Rhodesain inhibition EGY, DEU [95]
Antiprotozoal batzelladine L (96)/sponge Alkaloid f T. cruzi and L. infantum inhibition 2 μM Enhanced ROS generation BRA, CAN [96]
Antiprotozoal actinoporin A (97)/ bacterium Polyketide d T. b. brucei inhibition 15 μM Undetermined AUS, DEU, EGY, GBR [97]
Antiprotozoal astropectenol A (98)/soft coral Terpenoid e T. brucei inhibition 1.6 μM Undetermined DEU, VNM, S. KOR [98]
Antiprotozoal H. simulans sterol (99) sponge Terpenoid e T. b. brucei inhibition 4.6 μM + Undetermined IRL, GBR [99]
Antiprotozoal lobosamide A (100)/bacterium Alkaloid f T. b. brucei inhibition 0.8 μM Undetermined USA [100]
Antiprotozoal lobocrasols A and C (101, 102)/soft corals Terpenoid e L. donovani inhibition 0.18 μM Undetermined CHE, DEU, S. KOR, VNM [90]
Antiprotozoal mangromicin A (103)/fungus Polyketide d T. b. brucei inhibition 2.44 µg/mL Undetermined JPN [101]
Antiprotozoal crassumols D and E (104, 105)/soft corals Terpenoid e T. b. rhodesiense inhibition 0.61 and 0.72 μM Undetermined CHE, DEU, S. KOR, VNM [90]
Antiprotozoal sesterstamide (106)/sponge Terpenoid e L. donovani inhibition 32.9 µg/mL Undetermined CHN [102]
Antiprotozoal shagene A (107)/soft coral Terpenoid e L. donovani inhibition 5 μM Undetermined AUS, USA [103]
Antituberculosis aaptamine analog (108)/sponge Alkaloid f M. smegmatis inhibition 6.25 μg/mL + Undetermined JPN [104]
Antituberculosis callyaerins A and B (109, 110)/sponge Peptide f M. tuberculosis inhibition 2, 5 μM ** Undetermined CHN, DEU, NLD [105]
Antituberculosis denigrin C (111)/sponge Alkaloid f M. tuberculosis H37Rv inhibition 4 μg/mL + Undetermined IND [106]
Antituberculosis oxazinin A (112)/fungus Polyketide d M. tuberculosis inhibition 2.9 μM Undetermined USA [107]
Antiviral pateamine A (113)/sponge Mixed Biogenesis Sindbis virus mRNA translation inhibition >100 nM nsP1 or nsP2 viral protein synthesis inhibition CAN, ESP, NZL [108]
Antiviral abyssomicin 2 (114)/bacterium Polyketide d HIV-1 reactivation 13.9 μM Increased viral RNA in CD4+ T cells USA [109]
Antiviral 8,4′’’-dieckol (115)/alga Polyketide d HIV-1 inhibition 10 μM * Reverse transcriptase inhibition S. KOR [110]
Antiviral truncateol M (116)/fungus Terpenoid e H1N1 influenza A virus inhibition 8.8 μM Virion assembly/release inhibition CHN, DEU [111]
Antiviral neoechinulin B (117)/fungus Alkaloid f H3N2, H1N1 A influenza virus inhibition 17-22 μM Hemagglutinin inhibition CHN, DEU [112]
Antiviral thaixylomolin I (118)/mangrove Terpenoid e H1N1 influenza A virus inhibition 77 μM Undetermined CHN, DEU, THAI [113]
Antiviral aaptamine derivative (68)/sponge Alkaloid f HIV-1 inhibition 10 μM * Undetermined CHN [75]
Antiviral aflaquinolone B derivative (119)/fungus Mixed biogenesis RSV inhibition 0.042 μM Undetermined CHN [114]
Antiviral A. terreus lactones (120, 121)/fungus Polyketide d HSV-1 inhibition 6.34 μg/mL Undetermined CHN [115]
Antiviral chartarutine B (122)/fungus Alkaloid f/terpenoid e HIV-1 inhibition 4.9 μM Undetermined CHN, DEU [116]
Antiviral debromoaplysiatoxin (123)/cyanobacterium Polyketide d CHIKV inhibition 1.4 μM Undetermined NZL, SGP [117]
Antiviral dolabelladienol A (124)/alga Terpenoid e HIV-1 inhibition 2.9 μM Undetermined BRA, COL, ESP [118]
Antiviral D. plectens diterpene (125)/alga Terpenoid e HIV-1 inhibition 16.1 μM Undetermined CHN [119]
Antiviral Dysidea sp. PBDEs (22, 23)/sponge Polyketide d Hepatitis B inhibition 0.23–0.80 μM Core promoter inhibition IDN, JPN, NLD [120]
Antiviral echrebsteroid C (126)/gorgonian Terpenoid e RSV inhibition 0.19 μM Undetermined CHN [121]
Antiviral (+)-pestaloxazine A (127)/fungus Alkaloid f Enterovirus 71 inhibition 14.2 μM Undetermined CHN [122]
Antiviral phlorofucofuroeckol-A(10)/alga Polyketide d MNV inhibition 0.9 μM Undetermined S. KOR [123]
Antiviral secocrassumol (128)/soft coral Terpenoid e HCMV inhibition 5 μg/mL Undetermined TWN [124]
Antiviral sporolide B (129)/bacterium Polyketide d HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibition 14 μM Undetermined IND [125]
Antiviral stellettapeptins A and B (130, 131)/sponge Peptide f HIV-1 infection inhibition 23–27 nM Undetermined USA [126]
Antiviral trichobotrysin A (132)/fungus Polyketide d /Alkaloid f HSV-1 inhibition 3.08 μM Undetermined CHN [127]
Anthelmintic phorioadenine A (133)/sponge Alkaloid f H. contortus inhibition 31 μg/mL +++ Undetermined AUS [128]

a Organism: Kingdom Animalia: ascidian, flatfish, sea snakes (Phylum Chordata), gorgonian, coral (Phylum Cnidaria), sea cucumber (Phylum Echinodermata), nudibranch (Phylum Mollusca), sponge (Phylum Porifera); Kingdom Monera: bacterium (Phylum Cyanobacteria); Kingdom Fungi: fungus; Kingdom Plantae: alga, mangrove, seagrass; Kingdom Protista: dinoflagellates; b IC50: concentration of a compound required for 50% inhibition in vitro, *: estimated IC50, **: MIC80, MIC90, or IC90, ***: in vivo study; + MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, ++ MID: minimum inhibitory concentration per disk; +++ LC90: concentration of a compound required for 90% lethality; b MMOA: molecular mechanism of action; c Country: AUS: Australia; BEL: Belgium; BGD: Bangladesh; BRA: Brazil; CAN: Canada; CHE: Switzerland; CHN: China; COL: Colombia; CRI: Costa Rica; DEU: Germany; EGY: Egypt; ESP: Spain; FRA: France; GBR: United Kingdom; IDN: Indonesia; IND: India; IRL: Ireland; ISR: Israel; ITA: Italy; JPN: Japan; MYS: Malaysia; NLD: The Netherlands; NZL: New Zealand; PRT: Portugal; SAU: Saudi Arabia; SGP: Singapore; S. KOR: South Korea; THAI: Thailand; TWN: Taiwan; VNM: Vietnam; ZAF: S. Africa; Chemistry: d polyketide; e terpene; f nitrogen-containing compound; g polysaccharide; h shikimate; Abbreviations: CHIKV: chikungunya virus; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; MNV: murine norovirus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; ICL: isocitrate lyase; MR: methicillin-resistant; PBP2a: penicillin-binding protein 2a; RNAP: RNA-polymerase; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α.