Table 1.
Reaction conditions and results of wheat starch functionalization in PA/urea systems.
| Sample | Variant | Molar Ratio | PA Type | trct | Trct | PO43− | DSP | Ntot | NH4+ | Solubility |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGUstarch/PA/urea | [°C] | [wt.%] | [wt.%] | [wt.%] | [wt.%] | |||||
| WS-O | Oven * | 1:3:6 | NH4H2PO4 | 0.5 h | 140 | 32.4 | 0.8 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 82.7 |
| WS-K | Kneader | 1:3:4 | NH4H2PO4 | 1 h | 160 | 14.8 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 61.1 |
| 2 h | 29.4 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 01.4 | |||||
| 3 h | 37.4 | 1.0 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 02.1 | |||||
| 4 h | 36.7 | 1.0 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 02.3 | |||||
| 5 h | 37.7 | 1.0 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 01.8 | |||||
| 6 h | 38.8 | 1.1 | 8.3 | 7.0 | 02.1 | |||||
| WS-E | Extruder | 1:1:0 | CO(NH2)2·H3PO4 | 2 min | ≈165 | 16.1 | 0.33 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 95.0 |
AGU anhydroglucose unit, PA phosphating agent, trct reaction time, Trct reaction temperature, PO43− phosphate content, Ntot total nitrogen content, NH4+ ammonium ion content, DSP degree of substitution of phosphate groups, * syntheses under vacuum (p = 0.07 bar).