(c) Lupus nephritis (LN)

Function	Authors and year [Ref]	Studied subjects	Endpoints
CXCL10 as an effective predictor of LN	Avihingsanon et al. 2006 [80].	Patients/urine	Urinary CXCL10 and CXCR3 levels could distinguish class IV LN from others with an accuracy greater than the current available clinical markers.
	Morimoto et al. 2009 [81].	Patients/serum	Increased serum CXCL10 level was found in patients with proliferative LN (World Health Organization (WHO) classes III and IV).
	Enghard P et al. 2009 [82].	Patients/renal biopsies, peripheral blood and urine	A selective enrichment of CXCR3+CD4+ T cells was found in the urine, and CXCR3 expression on urinary T cells correlated with disease activity as determined by the SLEDAI.
	Marie MA et al. 2014 [83].	Patients/urine	CXCL10 was considered a highly valid predictor of SLE nephritis with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98%).
Conflicting evidences on the reliability of CXCL10 as a diagnostic biomarker	Abujam B et al. 2013 [84].	Patients/serum and urine	Urinary CXCL10 was indicative of renal activity but was not better than conventional markers.
	El-Gohary A et al. 2016 [85].	Patients/serum and urine	No difference between LN and SLE patients without renal involvement nor between active renal SLE and active non-renal SLE patients.
	Watson L et al. 2012 [86].	Patients/urine	Urinary concentrations of CXCL10 could not distinguish active from non-active renal disease in patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE).
	Lu J et al. 2011 [87].	Patients/renal biopsies	CXCR3 pathway is important in determining clinical severity rather than the histological pattern of LN. No difference in glomerular and tubulointerstitial CXCL10 expression between LN patients and controls.
CXCR3 mediates renal Th1 and Th17 immune response	Steinmetz OM et al. 2009 [89].	CXCR3−/− MRL/lpr mice	CXCR3−/− MRL/lpr mice showed amelioration of nephritis with reduced glomerular tissue damage and decreased albuminuria and T cell recruitment.
CXCR3 promotes the production of IgG1 autoantibodies	Moser K et al. 2012 [90].	CXCR3−/− NZB/NZW mice	CXCR3 has an effect on (auto)antibody production but is not essential for lupus pathogenesis in NZB/NZW mice.
CXCR3 increases MSCs infiltration	Lee JH et al. 2018 [91].	MRL.Faslpr mice	CXCR3-deficient mesenchymal stem cells fail to infiltrate into the nephritic kidney and do not ameliorate lupus symptoms in MRL.Faslpr mice