Table 2.
Results of the univariate logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with malnutrition in community-dwelling older adults, patients of a geriatric day hospital, receivers of home care and nursing home residents; secondary data analysis of studies conducted among adults aged ≥65 years, Germany, in 2009, 2012, 2010 and 2007, respectively
| Community (n 1073) | Geriatric day hospital (n 180) | Home care (n 335) | Nursing home (n 197) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 1·03 | 0·99, 1·06 | 0·94 | 0·89, 1·00 | 0·95 | 0·92, 0·99 | 1·05 | 1·00, 1·11 |
| Female gender | 1·09 | 0·74, 1·60 | 0·57 | 0·26, 1·25 | 0·71 | 0·39, 1·28 | 1·84 | 0·71, 4·72 |
| Living alone | 1·44 | 0·98, 2·12 | 0·89 | 0·41, 1·93 | 0·49 | 0·26, 0·95 | – | – |
| Health status | ||||||||
| Polypharmacy | 1·47 | 0·99, 2·19 | 1·12 | 0·36, 3·54 | 0·79 | 0·37, 1·70 | 1·26 | 0·45, 3·52 |
| Multimorbidity | 1·46 | 0·99, 2·16 | 3·46 | 0·78, 15·38 | 1·37 | 0·55, 3·41 | 0·93 | 0·35, 2·45 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0·87 | 0·51, 1·47 | 1·03 | 0·48, 2·20 | 0·91 | 0·47, 1·76 | 0·73 | 0·33, 1·64 |
| Heart diseases | 1·31 | 0·88, 1·95 | 0·83 | 0·39, 1·76 | 1·26 | 0·63, 2·53 | 1·21 | 0·49, 3·00 |
| Stroke | 1·55 | 0·85, 2·84 | 0·89 | 0·28, 2·81 | 1·25 | 0·67, 2·34 | 0·86 | 0·38, 1·98 |
| Cancer | 1·81 | 0·83, 3·97 | 2·97 | 0·91, 9·75 | 1·60 | 0·71, 3·58 | 2·04 | 0·60, 6·94 |
| Respiratory diseases | 2·30 | 1·39, 3·80 | 2·63 | 1·09, 6·30 | 1·87 | 1·01, 3·47 | 1·62 | 0·66, 3·97 |
| Gastrointestinal diseases | 2·57 | 1·52, 4·36 | 1·47 | 0·38, 5·76 | 1·81 | 0·89, 3·66 | 1·50 | 0·59, 3·83 |
| Renal diseases | 1·60 | 0·73, 3·49 | 0·86 | 0·37, 2·00 | 1·95 | 0·89, 4·28 | 1·74 | 0·73, 4·12 |
| Arthropathy | 1·52 | 0·96, 2·40 | 0·57 | 0·27, 1·31 | 0·76 | 0·42, 1·36 | 1·08 | 0·49, 2·39 |
| Mental function | ||||||||
| Cognitive impairment | 1·51 | 0·96, 2·36 | 1·01 | 0·32, 3·23 | 1·55 | 0·86, 2·81 | 1·40 | 0·59, 3·35 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1·75 | 1·01, 3·02 | 1·21 | 0·54, 2·71 | 3·23 | 1·66, 6·28 | 1·40 | 0·55, 3·58 |
| Depressive symptoms not assessed* | – | – | – | – | 1·44 | 0·50, 4·13 | 1·93 | 0·74, 5·03 |
| Physical function | ||||||||
| Mobility limitations | 2·43 | 1·58, 3·73 | 1·06 | 0·50, 2·26 | 1·21 | 0·67, 2·10 | 3·56 | 1·31, 9·68 |
| Difficulties with eating | 3·56 | 2·16, 5·86 | 2·97 | 0·99, 8·84 | 1·30 | 0·72, 2·34 | 1·76 | 0·79, 3·92 |
| Dietary intake-related problems | ||||||||
| Nausea | 1·88 | 1·19, 2·96 | 1·28 | 0·47, 3·45 | 2·79 | 1·51, 5·10 | 0·73 | 0·20, 2·63 |
| Chewing problems | 1·90 | 1·18, 3·05 | 0·85 | 0·23, 3·10 | 1·45 | 0·69, 3·03 | 1·89 | 0·73, 4·93 |
| Swallowing problems | 1·17 | 0·76, 1·81 | 1·09 | 0·38, 3·14 | 2·07 | 1·13, 3·80 | 2·01 | 0·74, 5·52 |
| Poor appetite | 3·30 | 2·02, 5·43 | 7·82 | 3·46, 17·66 | 4·15 | 2·23, 7·72 | 2·55 | 1·19, 5·48 |
| Dietary behaviour | ||||||||
| Low fruit/vegetable intake | 1·34 | 0·80, 2·24 | 1·56 | 0·73, 3·33 | 2·46 | 1·24, 4·89 | 1·05 | 0·47, 2·36 |
| Low fluid intake | 0·45 | 0·16, 1·25 | 0·69 | 0·07, 6·87 | 0·75 | 0·08, 6·83 | – | – |
Significant results are shown in bold.
*
Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale. The application was not feasible in forty-two home-care receivers and thirty-eight nursing home residents due inability to communicate or severe cognitive deficits.