Table 1.
Selected MC mediators with effects on bone formation and bone resorption.
| Mediators | Bone formation by osteoblasts | Bone resorption by osteoclasts |
|---|---|---|
| PRE-FORMED | ||
| Amines | ||
| Histamine | ↑ Bone formation after depleting the histamine-producing enzyme (44) | ↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (43, 45) |
| ↓ Osteoclast activity and recruitment after histamine blocking (46, 47) | ||
| Serotonin | ↓ Osteoblast formation (48) | |
| Enzymes | ||
| Chymase | ↑ Bone formation in Mcpt4-deficient mice (49) | |
| Proteoglycans | ||
| Heparin | ↓ Osteoblast formation (50, 51) | ↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (52) |
| Chemokines | ||
| IL-8 | ↑ Bone formation (53) | ↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (54, 55) |
| MCP-1 | ↓ Bone formation in MCP-1-deficient mice (56) | ↓ Osteoclast formation in MCP-1-deficient mice (57) |
| Polypeptide | ||
| Renin | ↓ Bone resorption after renin inhibition (58) | |
| Substance P | ↑ Osteoblast and bone formation (59–61) ↓ Bone formation in the absence of substance P (62) |
|
| Glycoproteins | ||
| Osteopontin | ↓ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption in osteopontin-deficient mice (63, 64) | |
| De novo | ||
| Cytokines | ||
| IL-1 | ↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (65, 66) | |
| IL-1β | ↑ Osteoblast formation (67) | ↓ Osteoclast formation (68) |
| IL-4 | ↓ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (69–71) | |
| IL-6 | ↓ Bone formation in IL-6-deficient mice (72) ↑ Bone formation (73, 74) |
↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (75, 76) |
| IL-10 | ↓ Bone formation in IL-10-deficient mice (77) | ↓ Bone resorption (78) |
| IL-11 | ↑ Osteoclast formation (79, 80) | |
| IL-13 | ↓ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (69) | |
| IL-15 | ↓ Osteoblast apoptosis (81) | ↑ Osteoclast formation (82) |
| IL-18 | ↑ Bone formation (83) | ↑ Osteoclast formation (84) ↓ Bone resorption (85) |
| IFN-γ | ↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (86) ↓ Osteoclast formation (87–89) |
|
| MIP-1α | ↑ Osteoclast formation (90) | |
| TNF-α | ↓ Osteoblast formation (91) | ↑ osteoclast formation and bone resorption (92–94) |
| TGF-β | ↑ Osteoblast and bone formation (95, 96) | ↓ Osteoclast formation (97) |
| Phospholipid metabolites | ||
| Prostaglandin E2 | ↑ Osteoclast formation and bone resorption (98) | |
| PAF | ↓ Bone resorption in PAF receptor-deficient mice (99) | |
| Growth factors | ||
| FGF | ↓ Bone formation in FGF-2-deficient and -overexpressing mice (100, 101) | |
| GM-CSF | ↑ Osteoblast formation (102) | ↑ Osteoclast formation (103) ↓ Osteoclast formation (104) |
| M-CSF | ↑ Osteoclast formation (105, 106) | |
| SCF | ↑ Osteoclast formation (107) | |
| Nitric oxide | ||
| NO | ↓ Bone formation in NO synthase-deficient mice (108) | |