Table 2. Univariable Cox (proportional hazard) regression analysis for the prognostic factors for stroke recurrence among first-ever stroke patients.

Models showing regression coefficients (b), crude hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), Wald test and the corresponding p-values. The outcome variable was a time-to-event variable; where the event was stroke recurrence (present or absent) and the time was the number of years to develop the event (n = 8,576).

Variables	Category/unit	b	Crude HR (95% CI)	Wald test	p-value
Age	years	−0.013	0.99 (0.98, 0.99)	11.00	<0.001*
HbA1c	%	0.012	1.01 (0.93, 1.10)	0.07	0.790
Glucose in ED	mmol/L	0.023	1.02 (1.00, 1.05)	3.20	0.075*
Random glucose	mmol/L	0.0003	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)	0	0.990
Fasting glucose	mmol/L	0.037	1.04 (1.01, 1.07)	5.80	0.016*
Body mass index	kg/m2	−0.030	0.97 (0.88, 1.08)	0.32	0.570
Sex	Female	0	1	0.10	0.750
	Male	0.032	1.03 (0.85, 1.26)
Ethnic	Malay	0	1	16.00	<0.001*
	Non-Malay	0.659	1.93 (1.40, 2.67)
Hypertension	No	0	1	9.80	0.002*
	Yes	0.371	1.45 (1.15, 1.83)
Diabetes Mellitus	No	0	1	12.00	<0.001*
	Yes	0.350	1.42 (1.17, 1.73)
Dyslipidemia	No	0	1	24.00	<0.001*
	Yes	0.510	1.66 (1.35, 2.05)
Abnormal glucose level	No	0	1	11.00	0.001*
	Yes	0.377	1.46 (1.16, 1.83)
Abnormal triglyceride	No	0	1	8.10	0.004*
	Yes	0.374	1.45 (1.12, 1.88)
Abnormal TC	No	0	1	2.80	0.096*
	Yes	0.234	1.26 (0.96, 1.67)
Abnormal HDL	No	0	1	0.10	0.750
	Yes	−0.043	0.96 (0.73, 1.25)
Abnormal LDL	No	0	1	0.37	0.540
	Yes	0.174	1.19 (0.68, 2.08)

Notes.

HR, Hazard ratio = exp (β); 95% CI exp(β-1.965*SE(β)), exp(β+1.965*SE(β)).

^*level of significance, p = 0.25.

Abbreviations

HbA1c

Glycosylated hemoglobin

ED

Emergency department

TC

Total cholesterol

HDL

High-density lipoprotein (cholesterol)

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein (cholesterol)