Table 1.

Papers reporting on efforts to screen college students for eating disorders from 2009–2019

Article	N (% Female); Number of Colleges Included and Location	Recruitment Method	Response Rate	Mean Age (SD); Percent Undergraduate; Percent White (or other relevant information on race/ethnicity)	Measure Utilized	Overall Prevalence	Prevalence in Females	Prevalence in Males	Receipt of Treatment
Studies from 2014–2019
Fitzsimmons-Craft et al. [25]a	2,454 (82.4% female) from 8 public Missouri universities	Partnered with an identified liaison in the counseling/health center to develop campus-specific recruitment strategies (e.g., email, flyers, presentations, social media, offered in the counseling center)	2.5% of the undergraduate student body on each campus took the screen	22.89 (6.59); 82.2% undergraduates; 78.1% White	Stanford-Washington University Eating Disorder Screen (SWED)	• 3.7% screened positive for possible anorexia nervosa (AN) • 15.4% screened positive for a clinical/subclinical ED other than AN • 38.9% screened as high risk for an ED	-	-	-
Fitzsimmons-Craft et al. [26]a	4,894 (87.4% female) from 28 U.S. universities	Partnered with an identified liaison in the counseling/health center to develop campus-specific recruitment strategies (e.g., email, flyers, presentations, social media, offered in the counseling center)	1.9% of the undergraduate female student body on each campus took the screen	22.28 (5.75); 76.7% undergraduates; 61.5% White	SWED	• 3.7% screened positive for possible AN • 20.3% screened positive for a clinical/subclinical ED other than AN • 35.7% screened as high risk for an ED	-	-	-
Kilani [43]	1,257 (69% female) from 18 colleges within a university in Jordan	No information given on recruitment method; a representative randomly selected sample of students were asked to participate	3% of the university’s population participated in the study	Mean age not reported; all participants between ages 18–22; 100% undergraduates; Does not specify exact percentage, but primarily Arab sample	40-item Eating Attitudes Test – Jordan Version (EAT-40-JOV) High risk group comprised those who scored at or above 75% above the cutoff point	14.2% screened at-risk for developing an ED	Total prevalence of EDs among women = 15.7%	Total prevalence of EDs among men = 10.6%	-
Kronfol et al. [34]b	1,841 (57% female) from 3 Arab universities and 1 U.S. university	Students were selected by simple randomization, and selected students were sent email invitations to participate	University A (Arab): • 29% of targeted students completed the screen University B (Arab): • 7.2% of targeted students completed the screen University C (Arab): • 5.6% of targeted students completed the screen University D (U.S.): • 22.2% of targeted students completed the screen	University A: Mean age not reported; 78.6% between the ages of 18–25; 76.7% undergraduates; Race not reported University B: Mean age not reported; 80.5% between the ages of 18–25; 83.6% undergraduates; Race not reported University C: Mean age not reported; 94.8% between the ages of 18–25; 93.7% undergraduates; Race not reported University D: Mean age not reported; 78% between the ages of 18–25; 65.2% undergraduates; Race not reported	SCOFF (endorsing 3+ items)	Arab universities • 20.4% screened positive for an ED U.S universities: • 6.8% screened positive for an ED	-	-	-
Jones et al. [24]a	2 U.S. universities University A: 425 (78.1% female) University B: 1,133 (56.5% female)	University A: solicited screening (i.e., invited, campus-wide screen completion) University B: universal screening (i.e., first- and second-year students living in targeted residential halls)	University A: 5.2% of the undergraduate student body completed the screen University B: 51.2% of students targeted completed the screen	University A: 20.48 (3.7); 84.9% undergraduates; 45.4% White University B: 18.05 (1.6); 100% undergraduates; 60.8% White	SWED	University A: • 13.6% screened positive for an ED • 46.6% screened as high risk for an ED University B: • 2.2% screened positive for an ED • 25.9% screened as high risk for an ED	University A: • 16.3% screened positive for an ED • 50.0% screened as high risk for an ED University B: • 3.3% screened positive for an ED • 35.0% screened as high risk for an ED	University A: • 4.4% screened positive for an ED • 35.2% screened as high risk for an ED University B: • 0.8% screened positive for an ED • 14.4% screened as high risk for an ED	University A: 19.0% screening positive for an ED received ED treatment in the past year University B: 36.0% screening positive for an ED received ED treatment in the past year
Lipson et al. [30]b	2,180 (64.7% female) from 2 U.S. colleges and universities	Population-level survey; each participating school provided a random sample of currently enrolled students who were ≥18 years and who were then invited to participate via email	18.4% response rate	Mean age not reported; 48.1% undergraduates; 74.9% White	Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (scoring > 4) and Weight Concerns Scale (WCS) (scoring > 47)	• 29.7% of students screened positive for an ED (EDE-Q>4 and/or WCS>47)	-	-	Among students with positive ED screens, 13.5% received treatment in the past year and 5.1% were currently in treatment
Lipson & Sonneville [33]b	9,713 (69.2% female) from 12 U.S. colleges and universities	Population-level survey; each participating school provides a random sample of up to 4000 currently enrolled students who are ≥18 years and who are then invited to participate via email	Response rates for the study were 19% in 2013–2014 and 27% in 2014–2015	Mean age not reported; 67.5% between the ages of 18–23; 70.4% undergraduates; 79.0% White	EDE-Q • Scoring ≥ 3 • Endorsing 1+ objective binge eating episodes in the past 4 weeks • Endorsing 1+ compensatory behavior episodes (i.e., self-induced vomiting; laxatives; diuretics or diet pills; and/or driven exercise) in the past 4 weeks	• 11.9% scored ≥ 3 on the EDE-Q • 40.2% endorsed 1+ objective binge eating episodes in the past 4 weeks • 30.2% endorsed 1+ compensatory behavior episodes in the past 4 weeks	• 17.0% scored ≥ 3 on the EDE-Q • 49.1% endorsed 1+ objective binge eating episodes in the past 4 weeks • 31.2% endorsed 1+ compensatory behavior episodes in the past 4 weeks	• 5.5% scored ≥ 3 on the EDE-Q • 30.0% endorsed 1+ objective binge eating episodes in the past 4 weeks • 29.1% endorsed 1+ compensatory behavior episodes in the past 4 weeks	-
Sanchez-Armass et al. [44]	1057 (67% female) from 3 Mexican universities	No information given on recruitment method. Participants given choice to participate in one or both phases of study. In Phase I, students completed self-report questionnaires, and in Phase II, a random sample of Phase I participants were interviewed.	Phase I: 43% agreed to be contacted for Phase II Phase II: 50% of those contacted for Phase II participated	Phase I: 21 (3.4) ; % undergraduate not specified; does not specify exact percentage, but primarily Mexican sample Phase II: 21.25 (4.4) ; % undergraduate not specified; does not specify exact percentage, but primarily Mexican sample	Phase I: SCOFF (endorsing 2+ items) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2; scoring above the 95th percentile on at least two subscales) Phase II: EDE used to assess ED diagnosis	Phase I: • SCOFF: 15% screened at risk for an ED • EDI-2: 8% screened at risk for an ED  Phase II: • EDE: identified 25% of Phase II participants as having an ED	Phase I: • SCOFF: 17% screened at risk for an ED • EDI-2: 8% screened at risk for an ED Phase II: • EDE: identified 28% of Phase II participants as having an ED	Phase I: • SCOFF: 10% screened at risk for an ED • EDI-2: 7% screened at risk for an ED Phase II: • EDE: identified 18% of Phase II participants as having an ED	-
Tavolacci et al. [39]	3,457 (43% female) from university campuses in Upper Normandy, France	Students were recruited by posters and leaflets on campus or during their mandatory medical survey at the university medical department	Sample comprised almost 10% of students in the Upper Normandy Region of France	20.5 (2.2); % undergraduate not specified; does not specify race breakdown, but likely primarily White given French sample	SCOFF (endorsing 2+ items)	20.5% screened at risk for an ED	26.4% of females screened at risk for an ED	10.3% of males screened at risk for an ED	-
Uehara & Oshima [40]	In 2011: 4,182 (% female not reported) from 1 university in Japan In 2012: 4,163 (% female not reported) from 1 university in Japan	Students were asked to participate in this mental health screening study as part of their regular medical examination	-	In 2011: 21.3 (2.6); In 2012: 21.3 (2.9) % undergraduate not report; does not specify race breakdown, but likely primarily Asian given data collected in a Japanese university	The E-item (Responding “frequently” or “always” to the question “Have you worried or thought excessively about your food, body weight, or body shape?”)	In 2011: 10.7% of sample responded “frequently” or “always” to the E-item In 2012: 10.8% of sample responded “frequently” or “always” to the E-item	-	-	-
Studies from 2009–2013
Eisenberg, Nicklett, Roeder, & Kirz [28]b	2,822 (53.0% female) from 1 U.S. university	Population-level survey; school provided a random sample of 5,021 currently enrolled students who were ≥18 years and who were then invited to participate via email	56.2% response rate	Mean age not reported; 94.0% of undergraduates between the ages of 18 and 22; 41.8% undergraduates; 68.4% of undergraduates White; 55.1% of graduates White	SCOFF (endorsing 3+ items)	• 9.4% of undergraduate students screened positive for an ED • 5.8% of graduate students screened positive for an ED	• 13.5% of undergraduate females screened positive for an ED • 9.3% of graduate females screened positive for an ED	• 3.6% of undergraduate males screened positive for an ED • 3.1% of graduate males screened positive for an ED	Only 21.7% of those with a positive ED screen reported any treatment in the past year
Fragkos & Frangos [41]	1,865 (54.5% female) from post-secondary institutions and public universities in Greece	A randomly selected sample of students who had graduated from at least high school were asked to participate	1,978 questionnaires were distributed to the educational institutions, and 113 were excluded due to incomplete data (i.e., 94% complete data)	21.2; 16.3% post-secondary vocational school/college students, 69.8% higher educational institutions, 5.7% postgraduate studies; does not specify race breakdown, but likely primarily White given Greek sample	SCOFF (endorsing 2+ items)	39.7% screened at risk for an ED	• 44.6% screened at risk for an ED	• 33.9% screened at risk for an ED	-
Reyes-Rodríguez et al. [36]	2,163 (66.1% female) from 9 of the 11 campuses that comprise the University of Puerto Rico system	Classrooms systematically sampled and then students within those classes screened	75.0% response rate	18.26 (1.27); 100% undergraduates (all freshmen); 92.9% Puerto Ricans	• Bulimia Test-Revised (BULIT-R) (scoring ≥ 91) • Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) (scoring ≥ 20)	• 3.2% of students scored at or above the cutoff on the BULIT-R • 9.6% of students scored at or above the cutoff on the EAT-26	• 3.8% of women scored at or above the cutoff on the BULIT-R • 11.8% of women scored at or above the cutoff on the EAT-26	• 2.2% of men scored at or above the cutoff on the BULIT-R • 5.1% of men scored at or above the cutoff on the EAT-26	-
Quick & Byrd-Bredbenner [35]	2,488 (63% female) from 3 U.S. universities	Recruited from general health and education courses to complete an online survey	-	19.68 (1.50); 100% undergraduates; 56% White	EDE-Q (scoring ≥ 4 on the subscales [i.e., restraint, eating concern, shape concern, weight concern] or global score)	-	• 5.4% of women scored in the clinically significant range on restraint • 2.0% on eating concern • 18.6% on shape concern • 13.0% on weight concern • 6.0% on global	• 3.0% of men scored in the clinically significant range on restraint • 0.3% on eating concern • 6.0% on shape concern • 2.0% on weight concern • 1.0% on global	-
White, Reynolds-Malear, & Cordero [42]	1,408 (69% female) from 1 U.S. university between 1995–2008	At three points (i.e., 1995, 2002, and 2008), surveys were mailed to a random sample of undergraduate students	1995: 49.3% response rate, which represented 2.9% of student population 2002: 18% response rate, which represented 1.5% of student population 2008: 21% response rate, which represented 3.5% of student population	• 1995: 21.1; 100% undergraduates; 66% White • 2002: 20.9; 100% undergraduates; 72% White • 2008: 20.4; 100% undergraduates; 62% White	The Weight Management Questionnaire (WMQ)	• 1995: 18.5% screened positive for an ED • 2002: 20.4% screened positive for an ED • 2008: 30.5% screened positive for an ED	• 1995: 23.4% screened positive for an ED • 2002: 23.6% screened positive for an ED • 2008: 32.6% screened positive for an ED	• 1995: 7.9% screened positive for an ED • 2002: 15.8% screened positive for an ED • 2008: 25.0% screened positive for an ED	-

Note.

^aHealthy Body Image Program paper.

^bHealthy Minds Study paper.