TABLE 1.
Baseline patient characteristics
| Variables | Overall n = 542 | PAF (n = 280) | PeAF (n = 262) | Chi square/T-value | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.3 ± 10.5 | 60.8 ± 10.7 | 61.9 ± 10.3 | −1.22 | .22 |
| Male | 364 (67.2) | 173 (61.8) | 191 (72.9) | 7.58 | .01 |
| Months of AF | 55.3 ± 68.6 | 51.6 ± 74.4 | 59.4 ± 61.5 | −1.29 | .20 |
| Coronary artery disease | 86 (15.9) | 36 (12.9) | 50 (19.2) | 4.01 | .04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 60 (11.1) | 31 (11.1) | 29 (11.1) | 0.00 | .99 |
| Hypertension | 251 (46.4) | 130 (46.4) | 121 (46.4) | 0.00 | .99 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 29.7 ± 6.3 | 29.1 ± 6.3 | 30.3 ± 6.2 | −2.28 | .02 |
| Metabolic syndrome (n = 391) | 137 (30.0) | 66 (27.7) | 71 (32.4) | 1.12 | .27 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 85 (15.8) | 36 (12.9) | 49 (18.8) | 3.57 | .06 |
| Prior stroke/TIA | 35 (6.5) | 20 (7.1) | 15 (5.7) | 0.46 | .50 |
| eGFR mL/min | 78.9 ± 18.5 | 79.3 ± 18.2 | 78.4 ± 18.8 | 0.54 | .59 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.99 ± 0.2 | 0.98 ± 0.2 | 1.00 ± 0.2 | −1.55 | .12 |
| Current EtOH drinker | 276 (51.4) | 145 (51.8) | 131 (50.9) | 0.04 | .85 |
| Current smoker | 40 (7.5) | 15 (5.7) | 25 (10.1) | 3.53 | .06 |
| NYHA 3 or 4 | 11 (2.0) | 4 (1.4) | 7 (2.7) | 1.05 | .31 |
| Structural heart disease | 47 (8.7) | 28 (10.0) | 19 (7.3) | 1.29 | .26 |
| Variant PVA (n = 355) | 26 (6.8) | 18 (9.0) | 8 (4.4) | 3.04 | .08 |
| LVEF (%) | 56.2 ± 9.7 | 57.5 ± 8.2 | 54.8 ± 10.8 | 3.18 | .00 |
| Left atrium diameter (mm) | 39.4 ± 6.9 | 37.6 ± 6.4 | 41.3 ± 6.9 | −6.25 | .00 |
| Left atrium diameter index (mm/m2) | 18.8 ± 3.5 | 18.4 ± 3.4 | 19.3 ± 3.5 | −3.21 | .00 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 96.4 ± 20.9 | 95.3 ± 19.1 | 97.7 ± 22.6 | −1.36 | .120 |
| PR duration (ms) | 171.5 ± 35.2 | 167.9 ± 30.0 | 177.1 ± 41.7 | −2.47 | .01 |
| RBBB | 19 (3.5) | 9 (3.2) | 10 (3.9) | 0.15 | .70 |
| LBBB | 19 (3.5) | 9 (3.2) | 10 (3.9) | 0.15 | .70 |
| Days of follow-up | 1446 ± 14193.7 | 2024.1 ± 19739 | 530.6 ± 32.8 | 0.98 | .12 |
| EHRA score | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.7) | −0.06 | .71 |
Notes: Values are mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
Abbreviations: AF = atrial fibrillation; BMI = body mass index; EHRA = European Heart Rhythm Association; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; EtOH = ethanol; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association Functional Class; PAF = paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PeAF = persistent atrial fibrillation; PVA = pulmonary vein anatomy; RBBB = right bundle branch block; TIA = transient ischemic attack; NYHA = New York Heart Association Functional Class.