Table 4.

Diagnostic category adjustments

Author(s)	Signs and symptoms	Duration of symptoms	Diagnosis/diagnostic criteria	Diagnosis according to DC/TMD
de Carli et al. ( 2013 )	• Pain in one or both joint sites (lateral pole and/or posterior attachment) during palpation; plus • One or more of the following self‐reports of pain: pain in the region of the joint, pain in the joint during maximum unassisted opening, pain in the joint during assisted opening, and pain in the joint during lateral excursion • Absence of coarse crepitus • Tender points on palpation of posterior bilaminar zone, posterior aspect of TMJ capsule, masseter (superior, middle, and inferior), and temporal (anterior, middle, and posterior)—excluded from study groups to only include arthralgia alone	Not specified	Arthralgia of TMJ–RDC/TMD	Arthralgia (ICD‐9 524.62; ICD‐10 M26.62)
Marini et al. ( 2012 )	• Pain in one or both joints at rest and during function • Evoked pain on TMJ palpation • Crepitus • Patients with musculoskeletal pain, myogenic pain, depressive disorders, odontogenic pain, pregnancy, malignancy, and other systemic rheumatological diseases excluded • Radiographic assessment for anatomical changes of both hard and soft tissues—flattening and erosion of the articular surface	Not specified	Separate diagnoses for patients were not specified. Included patients were diagnosed with either both or one of Osteoarthritis of TMJ and arthralgia of TMJ–RDC/TMD	Arthralgia (ICD‐9 524.62; ICD‐10 M26.62) and degenerative joint disease (ICD‐9 715.18; ICD‐10 M19.91)
Mejersjo and Wenneberg (2008)	• Self‐reported TMJ pain • Tenderness to palpation lateral and/or posterior of TMJ • Pain in TMJ on mandibular movement • Coarse crepitus and/or radiological signs of erosions and/or sclerosis of cortical outline, flattening of joint surfaces, and/or osteophyte formation • Nil mention if pain is acute or chronic	Chronic	Osteoarthritis of TMJ–RDC/TMD	Arthralgia (ICD‐9 524.62; ICD‐10 M26.62) and degenerative joint disease (ICD‐9 715.18; ICD‐10 M19.91)
Ta and Dionne (2004)	• Joint pain at rest • Evoked pain on palpation of TMJ • TMJ reduction consists of joint reciprocal clicking or joint noise with mandibular movement • Patients with myogenic pain only included if secondary to their Disc displacement with reduction and arthralgia of TMJ • Disc displacement with reduction confirmed with MRI • Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory‐2 used to exclude patient with severe personality or psychosis disorders • On average TMD pain duration was 3.1 years (classified as chronic). Minimum duration of page was 2.4 months and maximum 180 months • Nil mention of limitation in mouth opening		Disc displacement with reduction and arthralgia of TMJ–RDC/TMD	Arthralgia (ICD‐9 524.62; ICD‐10 M26.62) and disc displacement with reduction (ICD‐9 524.63; ICD‐10 M26.63)
Thie et al. ( 2001 )	• Moderate (VAS minimum of 3 on VAS of 0–10) pain of TMJ upon function (chewing, yawning, talking, and laughing) • Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (subchondral sclerosis, osteophytic formation, erosion, and joint space narrowing) • Nil mention if pain is acute or chronic	Not specified	Osteoarthritis of TMJ–American board of orofacial pain diagnostic criteria	Arthralgia (ICD‐9 524.62; ICD‐10 M26.62) and degenerative joint disease (ICD‐9 715.18; ICD‐10 M19.91)
Yuasa and Kurita ( 2001 )	• Disc displacement without reduction and without osseous changes (confirmed by MRI) • Moderate to severe pain (minimum score of 30 on VAS of 0–100) in TMJ alone at rest, with motion, on chewing and interference with daily life (any patient with pain in region other than TMJ were excluded) • Limited mouth opening (ranging from • Closed lock • Nil mention if pain is acute or chronic	Not specified	TMJ dysfunction—disc displacement without reduction and without osseous changes—nil diagnostic criteria mentioned	Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening (ICD‐9 524.63; ICD‐10 M26.63)
Di Rienzo Businco et al. ( 2004 )	• Pain in ear and mandibular region • Limited mouth opening upon a VAS (0–5 where 5 is the maximum functional opening) • Nil mention if pain is acute or chronic • Nil other symptoms and signs reportedly assessed • Only some patients underwent stratigraphy “when needed”—nil criteria for the necessity reported. Nil report of results from stratigraphy	Not specified	Craniomandibular dysfunction—no mention of diagnostic criteria	Lack of reported symptoms for classification
Ekberg et al. ( 1996 )	• Pain localised to TMJ for a minimum of 6 weeks (on average 11.5 months, classed as chronic pain) • Lateral or posterior tenderness to the TMJ • Spontaneous pain of TMJ • Pain on yawning and chewing in TMJ • Muscle pain not described specifically • Joint sounds not described specifically • Limitation in opening not described specifically	Chronic	Temporomandibular joint pain—no mention of diagnostic criteria	Lack of reported symptoms for classification
Kurita Varoli et al. ( 2015 )	• Provoked pain in masseter, temporalis, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius • Provoked pain upon palpation of TMJ lateral pole • Specifics of nature of pain—localised versus referred, exact location of palpation, force of palpation, and palpation of other muscles for exclusion not mentioned • Limitation in mouth opening not mentioned • No evaluation of TMJ sounds mentioned	Chronic	Masticatory muscle pain—no mention of diagnostic criteria	Myalgia—lack of reported symptoms for specific and associated classification
Lobo et al. ( 2004 )	• Reported pain in masseter muscle either at rest or during function • Pain on palpation of masseter muscle • Pain in TMJ either at rest or during function • Specifics of nature of pain—localised versus referred, exact location of palpation, force of palpation, and palpation of other muscles for exclusion not mentioned	Not specified	Arthralgia of TMJ–RDC/TMD	Arthralgia (ICD‐9 524.62; ICD‐10 M26.62) and myalgia—not specified due to lack of adequate description of muscle assessment and pain
Singer and Dionne ( 1997 )	• Pain of at least three month duration • Muscle tenderness in muscles of mastication • Limited opening and presence of clicking in some patients, although not a necessary inclusion criteria • Exclusion criteria: clinical or radiographic evidence of TMJ crepitus, tenderness on palpation through external acoustic meatus, and erosion of condyle	Chronic	Muscle pain—no mention of diagnostic criteria	Myalgia—lack of reported symptoms for specific and associated classification

Abbreviations: TMD, temporomandibular joint disorder; VAS, visual analogue scale.