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. 2020 Jan 27;10:27. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-0714-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Timeline of the experimental design: Rats were first exposed to the trauma (inhibitory avoidance immediately followed by single prolonged stress (SPS)) or to a control (CTRL) situation. Two weeks later, they were classified as vulnerable or resilient on the basis of their anxiety scores in the EPM and of their ASR. The remodeling treatment was administered on days 29 and 31. From days 34 to 45, rats were exposed to several behavioral tests for an evaluation of PTSD-like symptoms. On day 54, rats were exposed to a combination of three trauma-associated cues and their brains were immediately processed for c-fos immunochemistry and morphological analyses. EPM: elevated plus maze; ASR: acoustic startle response; WSB: white safe box; tone/odor: exposure to the trauma-associated tone/odor. b Groups: number of rats in the control (CTRL) and traumatized (SPS) groups. SPS rats were then classified as resilient (R) and vulnerable (V), before receiving an emotional remodeling under saline (SAL) or oxytocin (OXY).