Table 1.

Differences in cognitive performance between individuals with 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls for the three developmental stages.

	Child						Adolescent							Adult
	22q11.2DS		Control					22q11.2DS		Control					22q11.2DS		Control
	n	Mean (sd)	n	Mean (sd)	F (df)	p	Effect size; ηp2	n	Mean (sd)	n	Mean (sd)	F (df)	p	Effect size; ηp2	n	Mean (sd)	n	Mean (sd)	t (df)	p	Effect size; Cohen’s d
Neurocognitive z-scores
Processing speed	55	−0.64 (2.19)	22	0.58 (0.77)	11.74 (1,11)	0.006	0.08	60	0.02 (1.66)	34	0.55 (0.75)	4.3 (1,14)	0.057	0.03	99	0.49 (1.44)	48	1.02 (0.45)	3.32 (130.48)	0.001	0.43
Sustained attention	49	−2.93 (2.36)	20	−0.68 (1.20)	57.5 (1,10)	<0.001	0.20	56	−1.77 (4.24)	34	−0.08 (1.22)	53.62 (1,14)	<0.001	0.05	86	−1.70 (1.12)	48	0.52 (0.81)	13.17 (123.79)	<0.001	2.16
Working memory	60	−0.89 (1.02)	23	0.21 (0.88)	40.22 (1,12)	<0.001	0.20	65	−1.21 (0.84)	36	−0.50 (1.03)	19.51 (1,16)	<0.001	0.13	106	−0.41 (0.89)	48	1.20 (0.32)	16.45 (146.53)	<0.001	2.12
IQ test scores
Full-scale IQ	58	79.71 (10.05)	22	114.50 (16.29)	135.38 (1,11)	<0.001	0.63	65	72.90 (13.35)	35	104.49 (11.45)	326.11 (1,15)	<0.001	0.59	104	73.47 (11.98)	48	111.42 (16.87)	14.04 (69.72)	<0.001	2.77
Verbal IQ	58	81.40 (12.33)	22	116.05 (14.00)	195.88 (1,11)	<0.001	0.6	65	74.71 (13.80)	35	104.09 (10.26)	281.31 (1,15)	<0.001	0.56	102	72.97 (14.53)	48	108.10 (16.67)	13.17 (148)	<0.001	2.3
Performance IQ	60	81.52 (9.29)	22	109.73 (17.52)	70.79 (1,11)	<0.001	0.53	65	75.12 (13.06)	35	104.17 (14.17)	256.53 (1,15)	<0.001	0.52	102	72.26 (15.68)	48	110.08 (21.65)	10.84 (71.04)	<0.001	2.13

p values that are statistically significant are shown in bold.