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. 2020 Feb 11;8:48. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00048

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Copyright © 2020 Essa, Kondiah, Choonara and Pillay.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Direct- and premix- two common processes using membrane extrusion (ME). (B) SEM image of an emulsion formed by this method (C) SEM images of nanoparticles formed by premix ME, reproduced from Guo et al. (2018).