Table 2.
Serology and exposure factors according to steatosis grade (S0–S3)* in analysed participants (n=3768)
| S0 (n=2988; 79·3%) | S1 (n=281; 7·5%) | S2 (n=122; 3·2%) | S3 (n=377; 10·0%) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | .. | .. | .. | .. | <0·0001† | |
| Male (n=1427) | 1054 (73·8%) | 128 (9·0%) | 54 (3·8%) | 191 (13·4%) | .. | |
| Female (n=2341) | 1934 (82·6%) | 153 (6·5%) | 68 (2·9%) | 186 (7·9%) | .. | |
| Parental social class‡ | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·75† | |
| IV–V (partly skilled and unskilled occupation; n=103) | 80 (77·7%) | 10 (9·7%) | 5 (4·9%) | 8 (7·8%) | .. | |
| III (non-manual and manual occupation; n=1020) | 789 (77·4%) | 77 (7·5%) | 37 (3·6%) | 117 (11·5%) | .. | |
| II (managerial and technical occupation; n=1492) | 1192 (79·9%) | 110 (7·4%) | 40 (2·7%) | 150 (10·1%) | .. | |
| I (professional occupation; n=641) | 524 (81·7%) | 49 (7·6%) | 22 (3·4%) | 46 (7·2%) | .. | |
| Smoker§ | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·71† | |
| No (n=2528) | 2008 (79·4%) | 188 (7·4%) | 77 (3·0%) | 255 (10·1%) | .. | |
| Yes (n=1104) | 875 (79·3%) | 84 (7·6%) | 40 (3·6%) | 105 (9·5%) | .. | |
| Alcohol consumption | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·26† | |
| Low risk (AUDIT-C score <5; n=1693) | 1317 (77·8%) | 130 (7·7%) | 66 (3·9%) | 180 (10·6%) | .. | |
| Hazardous (AUDIT-C score ≥5; n=1586) | 1281 (80·8%) | 110 (6·9%) | 44 (2·8%) | 151 (9·5%) | .. | |
| Harmful (alcohol use disorder; n=489) | 390 (79·8%) | 41 (8·4%) | 12 (2·5%) | 46 (9·4%) | .. | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22·9 (21·0–25·3) | 26·6 (24·1–29·9) | 27·7 (25·1–30·7) | 31·0 (27·2–35·2) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Obese participants (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 162 (5·4%) | 67 (24·0%) | 37 (30·3%) | 212 (56·2%) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0·45 (0·42–0·48) | 0·50 (0·47–0·55) | 0·51 (0·48–0·56) | 0·57 (0·52–0·63) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance score (reference range <1·68) | 1·60 (1·13–2·23) | 2·31 (1·56–3·78) | 2·41 (1·54–3·88) | 3·60 (2·24–5·38) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L (reference range 10–35 IU/L) | 19·4 (14·8–26·8) | 21·4 (16·1–30·8) | 22·4 (17·4–34·8) | 30·5 (20·5–51·9) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L (reference range 10–35 IU/L) | 23·9 (20·4–28·9) | 24·0 (20·1–28·2) | 24·9 (20·9–29·1) | 27·5 (22·7–35·7) | <0·0001¶ | |
| γ-Glutamyl transferase, IU/L (reference range <40 IU/L) | 15·0 (12·0–20·0) | 18·0 (13·0–26·0) | 18 (14·0–26·0) | 23·0 (16·0–38·0) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L (reference range <5·2 mmol/L) | 4·4 (0·8) | 4·5 (0·8) | 4·6 (0·8) | 4·7 (0·9) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L (reference range <1·7 mmol/L) | 0·8 (0·6–1·1) | 0·9 (0·6–1·2) | 1·1 (0·8–1·5) | 1·2 (0·8–1·8) | <0·0001¶ | |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2·4 (0·7) | 2·6 (0·7) | 2·7 (0·7) | 2·8 (0·9) | <0·0001¶ | |
| VLDL, mmol/L | 0·4 (0·3–0·5) | 0·4 (0·3–0·6) | 0·5 (0·4–0·7) | 0·5 (0·4–0·8) | <0·0001¶ | |
| HDL, mmol/L (reference range >1·45 mmol/L) | 1·6 (0·4) | 1·4 (0·4) | 1·3 (0·3) | 1·2 (0·3) | <0·0001¶ | |
| Metabolic syndrome (≥3 of 5 criteria‖; n=172) | 48 (27·9%) | 23 (13·4%) | 15 (8·7%) | 86 (50·0%) | <0·0001† | |
Data are n (% of available data), mean (SD; normally distributed variables), or median (IQR; non-normally distributed variables); numbers reflect available data and therefore do not always reflect the total population (data missing on 512 participants across all categories). AUDIT-C=Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-C. BMI=body-mass index.
Grading based on controlled attenuation parameter cut-off values in decibels per metre (dB/m): S0, <248 dB/m; S1, 248–<268 dB/m; S2, 268–<280 dB/m; and S3, ≥280 dB/m.16
Pearson's χ2 test.
Classes defined as in the ALSPAC cohort;13, 14 results on other socioeconomic markers not displayed because of a high proportion of missing data.
Defined as participants who had smoked ≤30 days before the clinic visit (including e-cigarette use).
Likelihood ratio test following univariable regression.
Metabolic syndrome criteria: (1) male waist circumference ≥102 cm or female waist circumference ≥88 cm; (2) triglyceride concent ration ≥1·7mmol/L; (3) HDL in men <1·93 mmol/L or in women <1·3mmol/L; (4) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg; and (5) fasting glucose ≥5·6 mmol/L.25