Table 3.
Exposures associated with the presence of steatosis in analysed participants (n=3768)
| Participants with steatosis | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted for | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | ||||||
| Normal | 171/2206 (7·8%) | Reference | .. | Excessive alcohol intake†, social class, smoking | Reference | .. |
| Overweight | 285/936 (30·4%) | 5·34 (4·33–6·60) | <0·0001 | .. | 5·17 (4·11–6·50) | <0·0001 |
| Obese | 316/478 (66·1%) | 23·8 (18·61–30·47) | <0·0001 | .. | 27·27 (20·54–36·19) | <0·0001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio* | ||||||
| Normal adiposity (<0·5) | 254/2718 (9·3%) | Reference | .. | Excessive alcohol intake†, social class, smoking | Reference | |
| Increased adiposity (≥0·5) | 517/1007 (51·3%) | 10·24 (8·56–12·24) | <0·0001 | .. | 10·73 (8·79–13·10) | <0·0001 |
| Alcohol consumption† | ||||||
| Low risk | 376/1693 (22·2%) | Reference | .. | Social class, smoking | Reference | .. |
| Hazardous (AUDIT-C score ≥5) | 305/1586 (19·2%) | 0·83 (0·70–0·99) | 0·04 | .. | 0·87 (0·71–1·05) | 0·14 |
| Harmful (alcohol use disorder) | 99/489 (20·2%) | 0·89 (0·69–1·14) | 0·35 | .. | 0·92 (0·69–1·22) | 0·57 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Primary level | 149/573 (26·0%) | Reference | .. | BMI, excessive alcohol intake†, smoking | Reference | .. |
| Secondary level | 257/1147 (22·4%) | 0·82 (0·65–1·04) | 0·10 | .. | 1·03 (0·77–1·37) | 0·85 |
| Higher education | 298/1673 (17·8%) | 0·62 (0·49–0·77) | <0·0001 | .. | 1·06 (0·81–1·40) | 0·66 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 373/1427 (26·1%) | Reference | .. | BMI, excessive alcohol intake†, social class, smoking | Reference | .. |
| Female | 407/2341 (17·4%) | 0·59 (0·51–0·70) | <0·0001 | .. | 0·46 (0·37–0·57) | <0·0001 |
OR=odds ratio. BMI=body-mass index. AUDIT-C=Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-C.
*
Threshold for normal and increased adiposity as defined previously.24
†
According to AUDIT-C score and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder;23 excessive intake defined as hazardous or harmful consumption.