Figure 4.

Effect of hydroethanolic extract of Cordia vignei leaves on microscopic changes in the colons of acetic acid-induced colitic rats. Colitis was induced as described in Method. Colons were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, sectioned (5 μm thick), and stained with H&E. Representative photomicrographs shown are colons of naïve control rats (a), acetic acid control rats (b), sulfasalazine-treated rats(c), and 30-300 mg kg⁻¹ CVE-treated rats (d–f, respectively). Microscopic changes were quantified based on severity of damage (g). Results were presented as mean ± SEM. ^####P < 0.0001 (acetic acid control vs. naïve control); ^∗∗P < 0.01; ^∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 (acetic acid control vs. treated group).