Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of heart failure patients with diabetes.
| Characteristics | All (N = 2258) |
HF categories | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFrEF EF (< 40%) (n = 1268) |
HFmrEF EF (40–49%) (n = 515) |
HFpEF EF (≥ 50%) (n = 475) |
|||
| Demographic | |||||
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 63.0 ± 11.0 | 61.0 ± 11.0 | 64.0 ± 11.0 | 66.0 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
| Male, gender | 1362 (60.3) | 896 (70.7) | 286 (55.5) | 180 (37.9) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 413 (18.3) | 273 (21.5) | 95 (18.4) | 45 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical history | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 1658 (73.4) | 960 (75.7) | 414 (80.4) | 284 (59.8) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 274 (12.1) | 156 (12.3) | 43 (8.4) | 75 (15.7) | 0.002 |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 254 (11.2) | 154 (12.1) | 49 (9.5) | 51 (10.7) | 0.260 |
| Chronic kidney disease/dialysis | 525 (23.3) | 273 (21.5) | 116 (22.5) | 136 (28.6) | 0.007 |
| Hypertension | 1843 (81.6) | 989 (78.0) | 429 (83.3) | 425 (89.5) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1228 (54.4) | 673 (53.1) | 289 (56.1) | 266 (56.0) | 0.368 |
| Sleep apnea requiring therapy | 72 (3.2) | 23 (1.8) | 17 (3.3) | 32 (6.7) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical presentation | |||||
| Orthopnoea | 1760 (77.5) | 998 (78.7) | 381 (74.0) | 381 (80.2) | 0.038 |
| Physical examination | |||||
| Body mass index, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 29.7 ± 6.6 | 28.7 ± 5.9 | 30.0 ± 6.7 | 31.9 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
| Weight circumference, mean ± SD, cm | 96.0 ± 18.0 | 95.0 ± 18.0 | 97.0 ± 18.0 | 100.0 ± 17.0 | 0.012 |
| Gallop | 716 (31.7) | 457 (36.0) | 167 (32.4) | 92 (19.4) | < 0.001 |
| Basal lung crepitations | 2079 (92.1) | 1162 (91.6) | 483 (93.8) | 434 (91.4) | 0.257 |
| Raised (> 6 cm) jugular venous pressure | 1095 (48.5) | 653 (51.5) | 224 (43.5) | 208 (43.8) | 0.001 |
| Abdominal/lower limb swelling | 977 (43.3) | 553 (43.6) | 185 (35.9) | 239 (50.3) | < 0.001 |
| Signs of pleural effusion | 354 (15.7) | 235 (18.5) | 60 (11.7) | 59 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 0.091 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 12.5 ± 6.6 | 12.7 ± 7.1 | 12.6 ± 6.3 | 11.8 ± 5.7 | 0.019 |
| Total cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 4.7 ± 2.5 | 4.8 ± 2.9 | 4.8 ± 2.1 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 0.023 |
| First hemoglobin, mean ± SD, g/dL | 12.3 ± 2.3 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 2.4 | 11.7 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| NT-Pro BNP, median (IQR), pg/mL | 2846 (1112–7160) |
3372 (1348–7728) |
2962 (995–7627) |
1885 (688–4486) |
0.008 |
| eGFR, mean ± SD, mL/min/m2 | 61.0 ± 32.0 | 63.0 ± 32.0 | 60.0 ± 32.0 | 57.0 ± 33.0 | 0.001 |
| PAP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 53.0 ± 12.0 | 53.0 ± 11.0 | 52.0 ± 11.0 | 55.0 ± 14.0 | 0.015 |
HFrEF: Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF); HFmrEF: HF with mid-range EF; HFpEF: HF with preserved EF; HBA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR: interquartile range; NT-Pro BNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; SD: standard deviation.
HbA1c in diabetics with non-missing values (n = 963); Waist circumference was populated in only 683 patients, heart rate in 2191 patients, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 2192 patients, total cholesterol in 1726 patients, NT-Pro BNP in 515 patients, eGFR in 2217 patients, and pulmonary artery pressure in only 632 patients only.
Data were given as n (%) unless specified otherwise.