Table 1.
Demographics and Unhealthy Behaviors at Baseline (1998–1999) and Significant Depressive Symptoms at Baseline and Follow-Up (24–30 Months After Baseline) by Birthplace: Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging.
| Characteristics | Total n = 1,789 100%a | U.S. born n = 871 49%a | Foreign born n = 908 51%a | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, M (SD) | 70.6 (7.1) | 70.1 (6.4) | 71.2 (7.7) | .001 |
| Age, n (%) | ||||
| 60–69 years | 919 (51.5) | 465 (53.4) | 447 (49.2) | <.001 |
| 70–79 years | 683 (38.2) | 348 (40.0) | 335 (36.9) | |
| ≥80 years | 184 (10.3) | 58 (6.7) | 126 (13.9) | |
| Women, n (%) | 1,044 (58.4) | 493 (56.6) | 548 (60.4) | .11 |
| Education, n (%) Less than ninth grade |
1,083 (60.9) | 361 (41.5) | 722 (79.5) | <.001 |
| Ninth grade to high school | 177 (10.0) | 119 (13.7) | 58 (6.4) | |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 225 (12.7) | 166 (19.1) | 59 (6.5) | |
| Some college or higher | 294 (16.5) | 225 (25.8) | 69 (7.6) | |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 203 (11.4) | 99 (11.4) | 104 (11.5) | .95 |
| Excessiveb or bingec drinking, n (%) | ||||
| Excessive drinkingb | 103 (5.9) | 58 (6.8) | 45 (5.1) | .13 |
| Binge drinkingc | 24 (1.4) | 9 (1.0) | 15 (1.7) | .25 |
| Obesity, n (%) | .07 | |||
| Normal: BMI < 25 kg/m2 | 311 (19.1) | 140 (17.3) | 171 (21.0) | |
| Overweight: 25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2 | 629 (38.7) | 309 (38.1) | 320 (39.3) | |
| Obese: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 686 (42.2) | 362 (44.6) | 324 (39.8) | |
| Unhealthy behavior count,d M (SD) | 0.56 (0.62) | 0.60 (0.64) | 0.52 (0.61) | .01 |
| Unhealthy behavior count,d n (%) | .10 | |||
| 0 | 902 (51.1) | 417 (48.4) | 485 (53.6) | |
| 1 | 748 (42.3) | 379 (44.0) | 369 (40.8) | |
| 2 | 109 (6.2) | 62 (7.2) | 47 (5.2) | |
| 3 | 8 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | 4 (0.4) | |
| Significant depressive symptoms at baseline, n (%) | 439 (25.5) | 172 (20.2) | 267 (30.6) | <.001 |
| Significant depressive symptoms at follow-up, n (%) | 279 (24.0) | 130 (21.4) | 149 (26.9) | .03 |
Note. Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale score of 16 or greater. BMI = body mass index.
a
Percentages based on nonmissing values.
b
For <65 years old: >2 drinks per day or >14 drinks per week on average for men and >1 drinks per day or >7 drinks per week on average for women; for women and men ≥65 years old: >1 drink per day or >7 drinks per week on average.
c
Based on ≥4 drinks per day for women and ≥5 drinks per day for men.
d
Assigned 1 point each for current smoking, excessive or binge drinking, or being obese.