Table 1.

Effect of a 6-week oral intake of empagliflozin on plasma, blood and urine parameters in the lean control and ZSF1 groups

	Control	Empa	ZSF1	ZSF1 + Empa
Plasma
Glycemia (mmol/l)	11.33 ± 1.11	9.94 ± 1.30	28.07 ± 2.13*	20.81 ± 0.78*,#
Urea (mmol/l)	5.84 ± 0.26	8.71 ± 0.31*	6.86 ± 0.30	7.56 ± 0.28*
Plasma creatinine (µmol/l)	33.18 ± 0.46	31.23 ± 0.56*	24.21 ± 0.80*	25.37 ± 0.22
Plasma proteins (g/l)	58.89 ± 0.99	58.88 ± 0.83	64.88 ± 0.90*	64.00 ± 0.69*
Albumin (g/l)	36.49 ± 0.49	37.16 ± 0.49	39.46 ± 0.48*	39.49 ± 0.43*
Bilirubin (μmol/l)	0.57 ± 0.02	0.61 ± 0.06	0.25 ± 0.16*	0.01 ± 0.01*
AST (U/l)	130.90 ± 12.34	171.00 ± 7.80	220.60 ± 35.64*	152.20 ± 8.94
ALT (U/l)	63.78 ± 2.74	108.80 ± 7.56	161.20 ± 19.02*	131.20 ± 8.05
ALP (U/l)	62.78 ± 4.06	72.13 ± 8.60	136.60 ± 13.24*	97.11 ± 10.87#
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.33 ± 0.06	2.38 ± 0.11	6.31 ± 0.34*	4.90 ± 0.30*,#
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.37 ± 0.02	1.43 ± 0.05	2.51 ± 0.09*	2.45 ± 0.08*
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	0.63 ± 0.03	0.69 ± 0.02	0.75 ± 0.04*	0.66 ± 0.06
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.48 ± 0.05	0.49 ± 0.03	6.23 ± 1.06*	2.92 ± 0.28*,#
Blood
Ketone (mmol/l)	0.33 ± 0.06	0.71 ± 0.10*	0.32 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.10#
Glucose (mg/dl)	134.60 ± 9.07	134.10 ± 8.69	274.50 ± 29.41*	196.70 ± 22.16#
Urine
Glycosuria (mmol)	0.89 ± 0.40	12.03 ± 1.55*	6.09 ± 0.85*	17.47 ± 0.98*,#
Proteinuria (g/l)	1.59 ± 0.17	0.74 ± 0.06	11.35 ± 0.84*	4.62 ± 0.44*,#
Volume (ml)	9.33 ± 0.94	26.22 ± 1.62*	22.11 ± 2.31*	39.40 ± 2.22*,#

Metabolic parameters were measured in plasma except for ketone and glucose which were determined in whole blood, and glycosuria and proteinuria which were determined in urine collected over a 24-h period. Values are shown as mean ± SEM of n = 5–10 per group

Empa empagliflozin, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein

* P < 0.05 vs control group and ^#P < 0.05 vs ZSF1 group