Table 2.
Mortality risk ratios (95% CI) associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in 12-month average PM2.5: Base and SES-Adjusted models, by cause of death, US 2000–2008
| Causes of Death | PM2.5 | Non-Traffica PM2.5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base Modelb | SES-Adjustedc | Base Modeld | SES-Adjustede | |
| All Causes | 1.235 (1.229,1.242) | 1.050 (1.044,1.056) | 1.075 (1.067,1.082) | 1.015 (1.008,1.022) |
| Non-accidental | 1.244 (1.238,1.251) | 1.051 (1.045,1.057) | 1.070 (1.062,1.077) | 1.014 (1.007,1.021) |
| Accidental | 0.922 (0.891,0.955) | 0.998 (0.960,1.037) | 1.001 (0.956,1.047) | 1.018 (0.972,1.066) |
| All Cardiovascular | 1.683 (1.669,1.696) | 1.088 (1.078,1.098) | 1.178 (1.165,1.191) | 1.016 (1.005,1.028) |
| IHD | 1.975 (1.954,1.996) | 1.126 (1.112,1.140) | 1.258 (1.239,1.277) | 1.027 (1.011,1.043) |
| CBV | 1.955 (1.919,1.992) | 1.126 (1.103,1.150) | 1.270 (1.238,1.303) | 1.057 (1.029,1.085) |
| CHF | 1.116 (1.082,1.150) | 0.986 (0.953,1.021) | 1.007 (0.966,1.050) | 0.970 (0.930,1.012) |
| All Respiratory | 1.241 (1.223,1.260) | 1.056 (1.038,1.074) | 1.048 (1.026,1.070) | 0.989 (0.968,1.010) |
| COPD | 1.045 (1.023,1.067) | 1.023 (0.999,1.047) | 1.005 (0.977,1.033) | 0.998 (0.969,1.027) |
| Pneumonia | 1.769 (1.721,1.819) | 1.078 (1.044,1.114) | 1.184 (1.138,1.233) | 0.943 (0.905,0.982) |
| All Cancer | 1.160 (1.147,1.172) | 1.025 (1.012,1.038) | 1.054 (1.038,1.069) | 1.016 (1.001,1.031) |
| Lung cancer | 1.078 (1.056,1.100) | 0.995 (0.972,1.018) | 1.009 (0.981,1.038) | 0.986 (0.958,1.014) |
Abbreviations: IHD ischemic heart disease, CBV cerebrovascular disease, CHF congestive heart failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SES socio-economic status, PM2.5 fine particle, aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm
a Non-traffic PM2.5 estimated as the residual of PM2.5 regressed on NO2 concentrations for each ZIP code
b Estimated using Cox PH models with strata for age (1 year age categories with 90+ year old as one category), race (white, non-white), sex (male, female) and ZIP Code (41,630 ZIP codes). Results are expressed as risk ratio and 95% CIs per 10 μg/m3 increase in 12-month average PM2.5
c Estimated using Cox PH models with strata for age, race, sex, ZIP code, SES
d Two-stage analysis: (1) regression of 12-month PM2.5 on NO2 and (2) residuals of stage 1 (as non-traffic PM2.5) as the exposure measure in Cox PH model with strata for age, race, sex, ZIP code
e Two-stage analysis: (1) regression of 12-month PM2.5 on NO2 and (2) residuals of stage 1 (as non-traffic PM2.5) as the exposure measure in Cox PH model with strata for age, race, sex, ZIP code, SES