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. 2020 Jan 15;19(3):1997–2007. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8454

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

MAPK cascades. MAPKs, which are present in the cytoplasm and can be translocated into the nucleus, catalyse the phosphorylation of dozens of cytosolic proteins and numerous nuclear transcription factors. Adapted from (29). MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP4K, MAPK kinase kinase kinase; MAP3K, MAPK kinase kinase; MAPKK, MAPK kinase; MAPKAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinases; MEK, Ras/Raf/MAPK; RSK, ribosomal s6 kinase; MSK, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinases; MNK, MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases; cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2; c-FOS, proto-oncogene c-Fos; Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein Elk-1; Ets1, Protein C-ets-1; SP-1, transcription factor Sp1.