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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Urol. 2019 Jun;16(6):363–375. doi: 10.1038/s41585-019-0169-3

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Figure 1. Putative mechanisms of action of MSCs. MSCs either differentiate or secrete soluble factors, some of which are contained in extracellular vesicles. They exert trophic, angiogenic, immunosupressive, anti-fibrotic, and anti-apoptotic effects which promote regeneration of injured tissue.