Table 1.
Basic information on the 18 species of penguins
| Speciesa | IUCN status 2012, b | IUCN status 2018, b | Population trend (IUCN 2018) | Main breeding colonies and foraging range | Maximum recorded nonbreeding range (one‐way) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) |
NT | NT | unknown | polar |
approximately 7000 km (juveniles) (Wienecke et al. 2010) >1000 km (adults) (Kooyman et al. 2004) |
|
King (Aptenodytes patagonicus) |
LC | LC | increasing | subantarctic |
2650 km (F. Orgeret & C.A. Bost, data) |
|
Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) |
NT | LC | increasing | polar |
approximately 4000 km (juveniles), >2700 km (adults) (Clarke et al. 2003) |
|
Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) |
LC | LC | decreasing | subantarctic |
4000 km (Hinke et al. 2015) |
|
Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) |
NT | LC | stable | subantarctic | unknown |
|
Macaroni (Eudyptes chrysolophus) |
VU | VU | decreasing | subantarctic |
approximately 3000 km (Bost et al. 2009) |
|
Royal (Eudyptes schlegeli) |
VU | NT | stable | subantarctic | unknown |
|
Northern rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi) |
EN | EN | decreasing | subantarctic |
> 2000 (Thiebot et al. 2012) |
|
Southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome) |
VU | VU | decreasing | subantarctic |
approximately 2500 km (Thiebot et al. 2012) |
|
Fiordland (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) |
VU | VU | decreasing | Oceania |
approximately 2500 km (Mattern et al. 2018) |
|
Snares (Eudyptes robustus) |
VU | VU | stable | Oceania | unknown |
|
Erect‐crested (Eudyptes sclateri) |
EN | EN | decreasing | Oceania | unknown |
|
African* (Spheniscus demersus) |
EN | EN | decreasing | Africa |
up to approximately 600 km (juveniles) (Sherley et al. 2017) up to approximately 4000 km (pre‐ and postmoulters) |
|
Galápagos* (Spheniscus mendiculus) |
EN | EN | decreasing | South America (equatorial) |
approximately 150 km (P.D. Boersma, data) |
|
Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) |
VU | VU | decreasing | South America (SE Pacific) | approximately 1000 km (postbreeding adults) (Pütz et al. 2016) |
|
Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus) |
NT | NT | stable/decreasing | South America |
approximately 4000 km (Stokes et al. 2014) |
|
Little (Eudyptula minor) |
LC | LC | stable | Oceania | approximately 1000 km |
|
Yellow‐eyed* (Megadyptes antipodes) |
EN | EN | decreasing | Oceania (New Zealand) |
approximately 150 km (M. Young, data) |
Species with an asterisk are those ranked as being of the most immediate conservation concern based on a vote by the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group.
International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status: LC, least concern; VU, vulnerable; NT, near threatened; EN, endangered.