Table 1.

Historical and contemporary use of categories in the Conservation Measures Partnership Conservation Actions Classification (version 2.0) by the Kitasoo/Xai'xais First Nation

Categories of first‐ and second‐order conservation action*	Historical	Contemporary
Target restoration and stress‐reduction actions	✔	✔
land and water management	✔	✔
site and area stewardship	✔	✔
ecosystem and natural‐process re‐creation	✔	✔
species management	✔	✔
species stewardship	✔	✔
species reintroduction & translocation		✔
ex situ conservation
Behavioral change and threat‐reduction actions	✔	✔
awareness raising	✔	✔
outreach & communications	✔	✔
protests & civil disobedience		✔
law enforcement & prosecution	✔	✔
detection & arrest	✔	✔
criminal prosecution & conviction	✔	✔
noncriminal legal action		✔
Livelihood, economic, & moral incentives	✔	✔
linked enterprises and alternative livelihoods	✔	✔
better products and management practices	✔	✔
market‐based incentives
direct economic incentives
nonmonetary values	✔	✔
Enabling condition actions	✔	✔
conservation designation & planning	✔	✔
protected area designation or acquisition	✔	✔
easements and resource rights	✔	✔
land‐ and water‐use zoning and designation	✔	✔
conservation planning		✔
site infrastructure	✔	✔
legal and policy frameworks	✔	✔
laws, regulations, and codes	✔	✔
policies and guidelines	✔	✔
research and monitoring	✔	✔
basic research and status monitoring	✔	✔
evaluation, effectiveness measures, and learning	✔	✔
education and training	✔	✔
formal education	✔	✔
training and individual capacity development		✔
institutional development	✔	✔
internal organizational management and administration		✔
external organizational development and support
alliance and partnership development	✔	✔
financing conservation		✔

*Second‐order actions are subordinate to first order in the column.