Table 1.

DNA damage in Male Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to CDMA‐Modulated Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (900 MHz) for 19 Weeks^a

	Dose (W/kg)	% Tail DNA (100 cells)b	P valuec	% Hedgehogs (100 cells)b	% Tail DNA (150 cells)b	P value	% Hedgehogs (150 cells)b , d
Frontal cortex
	0e	6.18 ± 0.72		2.00 ± 0.71	9.73 ± 0.81		0.27 ± 0.27
CDMA	1.5	6.00 ± 0.48	1.000	1.00 ± 0.77	8.24 ± 0.39	1.000	0.13 ± 0.13
	3.0	9.51 ± 1.17	0.081	10.60 ± 3.89	18.77 ± 3.27	0.043	2.53 ± 1.29
	6.0	12.78 ± 3.96	0.049	12.20 ± 6.84	23.62 ± 8.66	0.092	3.20 ± 1.72
		P = 0.004			P = 0.005f
Hippocampus
	0	5.88 ± 0.39		3.40 ± 1.21	8.99 ± 1.55		1.07 ± 0.45
CDMA	1.5	8.06 ± 1.20	0.135	3.80 ± 2.33	12.27 ± 2.21	0.244	0.40 ± 0.27
	3.0	8.16 ± 0.98	0.151	6.20 ± 2.56	15.46 ± 2.25	0.107	2.53 ± 0.90
	6.0	10.42 ± 2.18	0.019	4.40 ± 2.98	16.77 ± 5.44	0.069	2.40 ± 1.44
		P = 0.014			P = 0.043
Cerebellum
	0	5.57 ± 0.92		0.40 ± 0.24	4.90 ± 0.82		0 ± 0
CDMA	1.5	5.60 ± 0.71	1.000	1.80 ± 0.80	6.33 ± 1.00	0.681	0.27 ± 0.16
	3.0	10.70 ± 3.66	0.504	9.40 ± 6.81	13.75 ± 6.01	0.504	2.93 ± 2.20
	6.0	10.58 ± 3.52	0.731	8.00 ± 3.91	15.86 ± 5.91	0.163	2.40 ± 1.07
		P = 0.156			P = 0.061
Liver
	0	13.81 ± 2.88		33.60 ± 17.89	25.71 ± 8.71		1.73 ± 1.73
CDMA	1.5	22.99 ± 2.77	0.081	68.60 ± 15.70	55.41 ± 7.91	0.136	14.67 ± 5.57
	3.0	16.04 ± 2.14	0.098	7.80 ± 0.86	19.11 ± 2.28	0.164	0.80 ± 0.49
	6.0	20.79 ± 3.10	0.057	41.10 ± 14.80	40.01 ± 7.90	0.114	9.07 ± 7.10
		P = 0.154			P = 0.385
Peripheral blood leukocytes
	0	1.48 ± 0.29		0.20 ± 0.20	0.69 ± 0.20		0 ± 0
CDMA	1.5	1.22 ± 0.45	0.596	0.80 ± 0.80	1.16 ± 0.47	0.295	0 ± 0
	3.0	2.13 ± 0.34	0.156	0.40 ± 0.40	1.83 ± 0.74	0.121	0.13 ± 0.13
	6.0	2.08 ± 0.43	0.166	1.40 ± 1.17	2.57 ± 0.80	0.026	0 ± 0
		P = 0.071			P = 0.012

^aExposure began in utero on GD5.

^bMean ± SE.

^cPairwise comparison with the sham control group; exposed group values are significant at P ≤ 0.025 by Williams' or Dunn's test.

^dA comet figure was considered a hedgehog if ≥90% DNA was in the tail. % Hedgehogs = number of comets with ≥90% tail DNA/150.

^eSham control; no exposure to CDMA‐modulated cell phone RFR.

^fDose‐related trend derived from one‐tailed linear regression or Jonckheere's test; the trend is significant when P ≤ 0.025.