Table 3.

DNA Damage in Female Sprague Dawley Rats Exposed to CDMA‐Modulated Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (900 MHz) for 19 Weeks^a

	Dose (W/kg)	% Tail DNA (100 cells)b	P value	% Hedgehogs (100 cells)b	% Tail DNA (150 cells)b	P valuec	% Hedgehogs (150 cells)b , d
Frontal cortex
	0e	7.03 ± 1.21		3.80 ± 1.46	12.23 ± 2.18		0.40 ± 0.16
CDMA	1.5	12.70 ± 5.15	0.205	19.00 ± 15.04	25.37 ± 12.96	0.782	8.67 ± 7.67
	3.0	9.50 ± 2.27	0.249	9.80 ± 5.12	18.70 ± 5.28	0.634	1.87 ± 0.88
	6.0	13.00 ± 3.63	0.150	25.40 ± 11.44	33.49 ± 11.14	0.092	7.20 ± 5.62
		P = 0.166f			P = 0.035
Hippocampus
	0g	13.14 ± 1.20		9.00 ± 2.58	18.08 ± 1.30		0.83 ± 0.32
CDMA	1.5	14.94 ± 0.70	0.346	8.40 ± 1.96	20.58 ± 2.06	0.531	1.07 ± 0.34
	3.0	15.24 ± 1.97	0.379	9.40 ± 2.89	20.63 ± 1.92	0.382	1.33 ± 0.21
	6.0	19.11 ± 5.27	0.126	21.20 ± 11.12	29.55 ± 9.44	0.218	6.53 ± 5.23
		P = 0.080			P = 0.068
Cerebellum
	0	5.94 ± 0.98		3.80 ± 1.07	4.93 ± 1.09		0 ± 0
CDMA	1.5	4.91 ± 0.58	0.671	2.00 ± 1.05	4.61 ± 1.61	0.621	0.53 ± 0.53
	3.0	5.46 ± 0.83	0.747	2.00 ± 0.63	3.89 ± 0.43	0.709	0.13 ± 0.13
	6.0	5.86 ± 0.84	0.650	1.20 ± 0.37	5.88 ± 0.63	0.342	0.27 ± 0.16
		P = 0.421			P = 0.249
Liver
	0	10.09 ± 0.87		7.00 ± 1.87	12.41 ± 1.64		0.13 ± 0.13
CDMA	1.5	15.26 ± 3.35	0.634	33.40 ± 15.11	26.15 ± 8.57	0.145	4.00 ± 3.67
	3.0	11.49 ± 2.05	1.000	12.40 ± 3.59	16.17 ± 2.17	0.176	0.67 ± 0.42
	6.0	18.35 ± 3.44	0.163	31.40 ± 12.33	26.65 ± 6.91	0.059	2.00 ± 1.17
		P = 0.113			P = 0.102
Peripheral blood leukocytes
	0	3.15 ± 0.40		0.20 ± 0.20	3.32 ± 0.09		0.13 ± 0.13
CDMA	1.5	3.77 ± 1.19	0.371	1.20 ± 0.80	4.45 ± 1.53	1.000	0.40 ± 0.27
	3.0	4.13 ± 0.54	0.361	0.40 ± 0.40	3.94 ± 0.40	0.465	0.13 ± 0.13
	6.0	6.06 ± 2.18	0.082	9.80 ± 8.81	12.76 ± 7.59	0.028	2.93 ± 2.77
		P = 0.048			P = 0.013

^aExposure began in utero on GD5.

^bMean ± SE.

^cPairwise comparison with the sham control group; exposed group values are significant at P ≤ 0.025 by Williams' or Dunn's test.

^dA comet figure was considered a hedgehog if ≥90% DNA was in the tail. % Hedgehogs = number of comets with ≥90% tail DNA/150.

^eSham control; no exposure to CDMA‐modulated cell phone RFR.

^fDose‐related trend derived from one‐tailed linear regression or Jonckheere's test; the trend is significant when P ≤ 0.025.

^g n = 4.