Table 5.

DNA Damage in Male B6C3F1/N Mice Exposed to CDMA‐Modulated Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (1,900 MHz) for 14 Weeks^a

	Dose (W/kg)	% Tail DNA (100 cells)b	P valuec	% Hedgehogs (100 cells)b	% Tail DNA (150 cells)b	P value	% Hedgehogs (150 cell)d
Frontal cortex
	0e	0.63 ± 0.08		0.40 ± 0.24	1.32 ± 0.21		0 ± 0
CDMA	2.5	3.46 ± 0.65	0.014	0.60 ± 0.40	4.52 ± 0.57	0.131	0 ± 0
	5.0	5.88 ± 1.06	0.001	0.60 ± 0.24	6.06 ± 0.96	0.018	0 ± 0
	10.0	8.85 ± 1.09	0.001	4.40 ± 1.69	10.04 ± 2.08	0.001	0.53 ± 0.39
		P = 0.001f			P = 0.001
Hippocampus
	0	7.69 ± 2.00		1.20 ± 0.58
CDMA	2.5	9.59 ± 4.33	0.521	5.40 ± 2.11
	5.0	6.44 ± 1.21	0.606	2.80 ± 0.97
	10.0	6.38 ± 0.93	0.641	4.40 ± 2.27
		P = 0.740
Cerebellum
	0	5.48 ± 1.30		1.80 ± 0.80
CDMA	2.5	7.35 ± 2.47	0.339	4.40 ± 2.06
	5.0	7.87 ± 2.80	0.404	4.60 ± 2.34
	10.0	5.43 ± 2.43	0.431	1.60 ± 0.93
		P = 0.554
Liver
	0	16.30 ± 2.21		6.80 ± 2.82
CDMA	2.5	20.27 ± 5.53	1.000	21.60 ± 16.88
	5.0	16.15 ± 1.15	1.000	11.00 ± 3.77
	10.0	16.43 ± 0.83	1.000	7.20 ± 1.11
		P = 0.368
Peripheral blood leukocytes		1.60 ± 0.68		0.40 ± 0.24
	0
		2.10 ± 0.50	0.449	1.20 ± 0.58
CDMA	2.5	1.30 ± 0.28	0.527	0.40 ± 0.24
	5.0	2.86 ± 0.26	0.046	1.40 ± 0.87
	10.0
		P = 0.057

^aExposure began at ~5 weeks of age.

^bMean ± SE.

^cPairwise comparison with the sham control group; exposed group values are significant at P ≤ 0.025 by Williams' or Dunn's test.

^dA comet figure was considered a hedgehog if ≥90% DNA was in the tail. % Hedgehogs = number of comets with ≥90% tail DNA/150.

^eSham control; no exposure to CDMA‐modulated cell phone RFR.

^fDose‐related trend derived from one‐tailed linear regression or Jonckheere's test; the trend is significant when P ≤ 0.025.