Table 6.

DNA Damage in Male B6C3F1/N Mice Exposed to GSM‐Modulated Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (1,900 MHz) for 14 Weeks^a

	Dose (W/kg)	% Tail DNA (100 cells)b	P valuec	% Hedgehogs (100 cells)b	% Tail DNA (150 cells)b	P value	% Hedgehogs (150 cell)d
Frontal cortex
	0e	0.63 ± 0.08		0.40 ± 0.24	1.32 ± 0.21		0 ± 0
GSM	2.5	1.71 ± 0.46	0.081	1.80 ± 0.97	4.25 ± 1.20	0.063	0.13 ± 0.13
	5.0	1.39 ± 0.15	0.081	1.60 ± 0.81	3.69 ± 0.53	0.063	0 ± 0
	10.0	3.73 ± 0.65	0.001	1.00 ± 0.45	5.60 ± 1.28	0.006	0.13 ± 0.13
		P = 0.001f			P = 0.004
Hippocampus
	0	7.69 ± 2.00		1.20 ± 0.58
GSM	2.5	8.74 ± 1.93	0.514	5.40 ± 2.11
	5.0	7.17 ± 1.08	0.598	2.20 ± 0.97
	10.0	6.90 ± 1.19	0.633	5.40 ± 2.54
		P = 0.720
Cerebellum
	0	5.48 ± 1.30		1.80 ± 0.80
GSM	2.5	3.66 ± 0.30	0.831	3.00 ± 1.38
	5.0	3.90 ± 0.59	0.896	1.80 ± 0.92
	10.0	3.85 ± 1.08	0.919	3.40 ± 1.50
		P = 0.838
Liver
	0	16.30 ± 2.21		6.80 ± 2.82
GSM	2.5	17.66 ± 1.89	0.469	8.20 ± 3.84
	5.0	15.40 ± 1.20	0.549	6.60 ± 1.96
	10.0	18.94 ± 2.00	0.213	12.80 ± 4.40
		P = 0.198
Peripheral blood leukocytes
	0	1.60 ± 0.68		0.40 ± 0.24
GSM	2.5	1.85 ± 0.96	0.416	1.20 ± 1.20
	5.0	1.75 ± 0.37	0.491	1.00 ± 0.55
	10.0	1.85 ± 0.24	0.494	0.80 ± 0.58
		P = 0.408

^aExposure began at ~5 weeks of age.

^bMean ± SE.

^cPairwise comparison with the sham control group; exposed group values are significant at P ≤ 0.025 by Williams' or Dunn's test.

^dA comet figure was considered a hedgehog if ≥90% DNA was in the tail. % Hedgehogs = number of comets with ≥90% tail DNA/150.

^eSham control; no exposure to GSM‐modulated cell phone RFR.

^fDose‐related trend derived from one‐tailed linear regression or Jonckheere's test; the trend is significant when P ≤ 0.025.