Table 8.

DNA Damage in Female B6C3F1/N Mice Following Exposure to GSM‐Modulated Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation (1,900 MHz) for 14 Weeks^a

	Dose (W/kg)	% Tail DNA (100 cells)b	P valuec	% Hedgehogs (100 cells)b	% Tail DNA (150 cells)b	P value	% Hedgehogs (150 cell)d
Frontal cortex
	0e	8.11 ± 2.13		3.40 ± 1.47
GSM	2.5	7.33 ± 0.90	0.657	1.00 ± 0.45
	5.0	7.69 ± 1.98	0.744	2.00 ± 0.84
	10.0	5.74 ± 0.62	0.779	1.00 ± 0.32
		P = 0.861f
Hippocampus
	0	8.15 ± 1.65		2.60 ± 1.69
GSM	2.5	6.23 ± 1.00	0.866	0.80 ± 0.58
	5.0	4.54 ± 1.29	0.923	1.20 ± 0.58
	10.0	5.22 ± 1.23	0.942	1.60 ± 1.36
		P = 0.933
Cerebellum
	0	5.88 ± 0.85		0.20 ± 0.20
GSM	2.5	6.56 ± 1.22	1.000	1.20 ± 0.73
	5.0	5.26 ± 0.59	1.000	0.60 ± 0.40
	10.0	6.54 ± 1.71	1.000	1.80 ± 0.73
		P = 0.606
Liver
	0	5.48 ± 0.60		0.60 ± 0.40	4.34 ± 0.60		0 ± 0
GSM	2.5	7.06 ± 0.61	0.096	3.40 ± 1.17	7.44 ± 0.48	0.027	0 ± 0
	5.0	6.36 ± 0.25	0.117	1.20 ± 0.37	5.45 ± 0.96	0.032	0 ± 0
	10.0	6.47 ± 0.79	0.124	2.60 ± 1.33	6.52 ± 0.75	0.030	0 ± 0
		P = 0.249			P = 0.133
Peripheral blood leukocytes
	0	1.03 ± 0.13		0.20 ± 0.20	2.15 ± 0.08		0 ± 0
GSM	2.5	1.25 ± 0.44	0.335	0.20 ± 0.20	2.58 ± 0.35	0.504	0 ± 0
	5.0	1.17 ± 0.08	0.400	0 ± 0	2.23 ± 0.19	1.000	0 ± 0
	10.0	1.32 ± 0.34	0.316	0 ± 0	2.28 ± 0.51	1.000	0 ± 0
		P = 0.266			P = 0.657

^aExposure began at ~5 weeks of age.

^bMean ± SE.

^cPairwise comparison with the sham control group; exposed group values are significant at P ≤ 0.025 by Williams' or Dunn's test.

^dA comet figure was considered a hedgehog if ≥90% DNA was in the tail. % Hedgehogs = number of comets with ≥90% tail DNA/150.

^eSham control; no exposure to GSM‐modulated cell phone RFR.

^fDose‐related trend derived from one‐tailed linear regression or Jonckheere's test; the trend is significant when P ≤ 0.025.