Fig. 4.

PA increased EV production at 24 and 48 h in HK-2 cells. HK-2 cells were treated with Con, BSA, PA (250 μM) and OA (250 μM). After 24 (a) and 48 (b) hours, EVs showed similar modes of size, 30–70 nm, among four groups. PA increased total amount of EVs released from HK-2 cells. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3–6). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus Con; ^##P < 0.01 versus BSA group