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. 2020 Feb 11;11:153. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00153

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Copyright © 2020 Cocker, Shah, Raj, Dermont, Khan, Mandalia, Imami and Johnson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Longitudinal assessment of HIV-1-specific responses of pregnant HIV-1 positive women. The left-hand side graphs show longitudinal changes in Gag response and the right-hand side graphs illustrate changes in Nef response in HIV-1 positive pregnant women (n = 49, median 3 per participant). From top to bottom IFNγ, IL-2, IL-10, and granzyme B ELISpot responses are shown. The straight dashed lines show the upper and lower 95% CI for the HIV-1 positive non-pregnant group, which were assessed at a single time-point (n = 11). Longitudinal assessment of the HIV-1 positive pregnant participants was undertaken using non-linear MIXED methods analysis, with point estimates and 95% CI bars shown.