Avorn 1994.

Methods	Study design: quasi‐RCT Power calculation: Yes Intention‐to‐treat analysis: No
Participants	Inclusion criteria Setting: Recruited from a single long‐term care facility for the elderly, and 9 housing complexes for the elderly Country: USA Not clearly stated, but participants had to be willing to ingest at least 300 mL of cranberry juice daily for a 6 month period. Number: 192 randomised, 153 analysed Mean age: 78.5 years Exclusion criteria Terminal disease or severe dementia; men
Interventions	Treatment group Cranberry juice cocktail: 300 mL/d (30% cranberry concentrate) PAC content: NS Control group Placebo beverage that looked and tasted similar but contained no cranberry juice Treatment duration: 6 months
Outcomes	Presence of bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine ≥ 100,000/mL) with the presence of pyuria (white cells in the urine) Presence of bacteriuria Presence of bacteriuria with the presence of pyuria plus symptoms of a UTI
Notes	Data were presented for 153 subjects who provided a baseline urine sample and at least one additional sample after randomisation Method of obtaining urine sample: mid‐stream clean‐voided Definition of bacteriuria: organisms ≥ 100,000/mL regardless of organism Definition of pyuria: NS Exclusions post randomisation: None
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Odd versus even numbers in institutional identification number or telephone number (quasi‐RCT)
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Inadequate, could subvert system by excluding people with certain number, or include more of those with a certain number
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinding stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	NS
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Absolute numbers not always provided; 39 patients lost to follow‐up/withdrawn
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Primary outcome is reasonable though symptomatic would be better
Other bias	High risk	Source of funding: Research grant from Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.