Kontiokari 2001.

Methods	Study design: parallel 3‐arm RCT Power calculation: yes, but recruitment stopped before appropriate number recruited Intention‐to‐treat analysis: yes
Participants	Inclusion criteria Setting: Finnish student health service; single centre Country: Finland Women who had a UTI caused by E. coli (105 cfu/mL in clean voided MSU) and were not taking antimicrobial prophylaxis. Number: 150 randomised/analysed Mean age: 29‐32 years Exclusion criteria: NS
Interventions	Treatment group 1 Cranberry‐lingonberry juice concentrate (Maija, Marli, Finland): 50 mL/d Cranberry concentrate: 7.5 g Lingonberry concentrate: 1.7 g Water: 50 mL with no added sugars Treatment group 2 Lactobacillus GG drink (Gefilus, Valio, Finland): 100 mL for five days a week Control group No intervention Duration of treatment: 6 months cranberry‐lingonberry concentrate; 12 months lactobacillus
Outcomes	First recurrence of symptomatic UTI
Notes	Method of obtaining urine sample: clean voided MSU specimen Definition of bacteriuria Bacterial growth 105 cfu/mL Recruitment had to be stopped prematurely because the cranberry juice supplier stopped producing the juice. A total of 150 women gave their informed consent and were randomly allocated into three groups, 50 in each. One subject in the lactobacillus group who was taking post coital antimicrobials was excluded from the analysis. Exclusions post randomisation: none
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Tables of random numbers and block technique with block size of 6
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sealed opaque envelopes (additional information provided by authors)
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Participants and physicians not blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Lab staff blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Losses to follow‐up/withdrawals: 13. Analysed drop outs and withdrawals
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Appropriate outcomes
Other bias	Unclear risk	Uncertain about selection bias, few details Source of funding: Emil Aaltonen, Juho Vainio, and Alma and K A Snellman Foundations