Table 1.

Studies included in the meta‐analysis, presented in order of increasing magnitude of effect‐size (Hedges g); and related descriptive statistics

		g	SE	Variance	Lower, upper limit	Z	p
1	Papadopoulos et al. (2012)a	−0.27	0.31	0.10	−0.88, 0.34	−0.86	.39
2	Santurette et al. (2010)	0.18	0.25	0.06	−0.31, 0.68	0.74	.46
3	Wijnen, Kappers, Vlutters, and Winkel (2012)	0.35	0.24	0.06	−0.11, 0.81	1.51	.13
4	Papadopoulos et al. (2012)b	0.36	0.26	0.07	−0.16, 0.87	1.35	.18
5	Georgiou, Protopapas, Papadopoulos, Skaloumbakas, and Parrila (2010)	0.37	0.30	0.09	−0.22, 0.96	1.22	.22
6	Walker, Shinn, Cranford, Givens, and Holbert (2002)	0.50	0.38	0.15	−0.25, 1.25	1.3	.19
7	Papadopoulos et al. (2012)c	0.53	0.33	0.11	−0.12, 1.18	1.60	.11
8	Amitay, Ben‐Yehudah, Banai, and Ahissar (2002)	0.54	0.28	0.08	−0.02, 1.10	1.90	.06
9	Watson and Miller (1993)	0.56	0.25	0.06	0.07, 1.10	2.26	.024
10	Banai and Ahissar (2004)	0.60	0.20	0.04	0.21, 1.00	3.02	.002
11	Thomson and Goswami (2008)	0.63	0.29	0.08	0.06, 1.20	2.17	.03
12	Ahissar, Lubin, Putter‐Katz, and Banai (2006)	0.65	0.33	0.11	0.00, 1.29	1.97	.049
13	Amitay, Ben‐Yehudah, et al. (2002)	0.65	0.23	0.05	0.20, 1.10	2.83	.005
14	Heath et al. (2006)	0.68	0.22	0.05	0.25, 1.10	3.11	.002
15	Hill, Bailey, Griffiths, and Snowling (1999)	0.68	0.35	0.12	−0.01, 1.37	1.94	.052
16	Ahissar et al. (2000)	0.70	0.34	0.11	0.04, 1.36	2.07	.038
17	Banai and Ahissar (2006)d	0.74	0.28	0.08	0.19, 1.28	2.66	.008
18	Gibson, Hogben, and Fletcher (2006)	0.76	0.22	0.05	0.33, 1.19	3.48	<.001
29	Halliday and Bishop (2006)	0.77	0.24	0.06	0.30, 1.23	3.24	.001
30	Banai and Ahissar (2006)e	0.82	0.32	0.10	0.19, 1.45	2.55	.011
21	Oganian and Ahissar (2012)	0.82	0.18	0.03	0.48, 1.17	4.69	<.001
22	Ben‐Yehudah and Ahissar (2004)	0.84	0.25	0.06	0.35, 1.34	3.33	.001
23	Wang, Huss, Hamailainen, and Goswami (2012)	0.85	0.21	0.05	0.43, 1.27	3.95	<.001
24	McArthur, Ellis, Atkinson, and Coltheart (2008)	0.96	0.21	0.05	0.54, 1.38	4.50	<.001
25	Goswami et al. (2010)f	1.01	0.28	0.08	0.46, 1.56	3.57	<.001
26	McAnally and Stein (1996)	1.04	0.3	0.09	0.45, 1.63	3.47	.001
27	Ben‐Yehudah, Banai, & Ahissar (2004)	1.16	0.30	0.09	0.57, 1.74	3.87	<.001
28	Goswami et al. (2010)g	2.12	0.3	0.09	1.53, 2.71	7.06	<.001
29	Hari et al. (1999)	2.45	0.46	0.21	1.55, 3.35	5.32	<0.001
30	Cacace, McFarland, Ouimet, Schrieber, and Marro (2000)	3.03	0.79	0.62	1.48, 4.57	3.83	<.001
Mean		0.76	0.80	0.01	0.60, 0.91	9.49	<.001

Notes: See Section 3 for exclusion criteria; three papers are included in the table more than once, because they contained more than one sample. Results are rounded to two decimal places; alpha values (p) to three decimal places.

^aGrade 6 sample.

^bGrade 4 sample.

^cGrade 2 sample.

^d7th grade sample.

^e8th grade sample.

^fChinese language sample.

^gEnglish language sample.