Table 2:

Results of transforaminal approach

Patient	Foramen	Guidance	Time (min)	Obliquity in the Sagittal Plane	Technical Successa	Hydrodissection	Maximal Temperature (°C)
1	T12–L1	Fluoro	11	40°	Yes	Yes, effective	39
2	L1–L2	Fluoro	11	40°	Yes	Yes, effective	41
3	T12–L1	CT & fluoro	9	36°	Yes	Yes, effective	45
4	L1–L2	Fluoro	12	35°	Yes	No	45
5	L2–L3	Fluoro	10	43°	Yes	Yes, effective	43
	L3–L4	Fluoro	6	38°	Yes	No	44
6	T12–L1	CT & fluoro	7	42°	Yes	Yes, effective	41
7	T12–L1	Fluoro	8	44°	Yes	Yes, ineffective	44
8	L1–L2	Fluoro & CBCT	38	33°	No (4 mm too cranial and 5 mm too lateral)	Yes, ineffective	39
9	T12–L1	Fluoro	5	36°	Yes	Yes, effective	43
10	L3–L4	Fluoro	8	47°	Yes	Yes, effective	38
11	L2–L3	CT & fluoro	9	37°	Yes	Yes, effective	39
12	T12–L1	CT & fluoro	7	47°	Yes	Yes, effective	45
13	L2–L3	CT & fluoro	7	44°	Yes	No	42

Note:—Fluoro indicates fluoroscopy; CBCT, conbeam CT.

^aTechnical success was defined by a position of the thermosensor in the midline on anteroposterior view and at the midportion of the posterior wall on lateral view.