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. 2020 Feb 18;10:2856. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59849-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Description of the urbanization gradient. (A) Map of the sampling area⁹⁶ and sampling design; numbers in brackets show the number of gut (GM) and saliva (SM) microbiomes included in the analysis. FAMD (Factor analysis of mixed data) of non-dietary contextual information showing (B) individuals colored by urbanization level (rural, semi-urban, urban) and (C) variables that significantly contributed to the construction of depicted axes; ordered factors were coded both as numerical (num.) and categorical (cat.) variable. Corresponding plots showing the 1^st and the 3^rd axis and the ordinations based on dietary can be found in Supplementary Figs. 1–3.