Table 3.

Most frequent causes of myocardial injury, other than myocardial ischemia

Myocarditis	Toxic, immune mediated, infectious
Cardiomyopathies	Adrenergic, RAAS, cytokine and mechanical stress
Radiation-induced injury	Various mechanisms of myocardial cell death
Drugs	May cause ischemic injury or other types of injury
Endogenous catecholamines	Takotsubo, stress, extreme exercise
Cardiac interventions	Cardiac surgery, PCI, TAVI, ablation procedures
Trauma	Cardiac contusion, CPR-related tissue damage
Sepsis	Extreme cytokine release
Cerebrovascular accidents	Catecholamines and (neuro)inflammatory response
Chronic kidney disease	Mechanical stress, toxic uraemic
After cardiac transplantation	Myocardial immune injury (cellular and humoral rejection)