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. 2020 Feb 18;10:2823. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59799-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Paracrine CCK signaling is not required for ex vivo GSIS. (A) Sulfated cholecystokinin (CCK) released into the media during islet culture. (B) Insulin secreted from batches of 5 islets after 1 h incubation at 3 or 15 mM glucose (3 G and 15 G, respectively) or 15 G in the presence of 1 µM proglumide, a non-selective CCK receptor antagonist. Insulin values were normalized to the islet DNA content from each batch (total of 9–21 batches/condition). Significance was tested by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. Data are mean ± SEM of 3–7 islet. preparations.