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(A) The intracellular ATP level in Staphylococcus aureus cells treated with various carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM). Different lowercase letters mean a significant difference at P < 0.05. (B) The VBNC counts for S. aureus pretreated with various CCCP concentrations after NTP exposure at 8.1 kJ. (C) The proposed model for the mechanism underlying the NTP-induced VBNC S. aureus cells.
