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. 2019 Jul 29;28(3):388–398. doi: 10.1038/s41431-019-0479-1

Table 1.

Overview of disease associated with non-syndromic and syndromic anophthalmia/severe microphthalmia

Name of disease Alternative names OMIM# of the disease Cytogenetic location Associated gene(s) OMIM# of associated gene(s) Inheritance
Aniridia 1 (AN1) Cataract, congenital, with late-onset corneal dystrophy 106210 11p13 PAX6 607108 Autosomal dominant
Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (BAMS) Arhinia, choanal atresia, microphthalmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 603457 18p11.32 SMCHD1 614982 Autosomal dominant
Branchiooculofacial syndrome

BOF syndrome

Branchial clefts with characteristic facies, growth retardation, imperforate, nasolacrimal duct and premature aging

Hemangiomatous brancial clefts lip pseudocleft syndrome

Lip pseudocleft hemangiomatous branchial cyst syndrome

113620 6p24.3 TFAP2A 107580 Autosomal dominant
Cerebrooculonasal syndrome 605627 Unknown Unknown Unknown
Chromosome 1q41-q42 deletion syndrome Holoprosencephaly 10 (HPE10) 612530 1q41-q42 Isolated cases
COMMAD syndrome Coloboma, osteopetrosis, microphthalmia, macrocephaly, albinism, and deafness 617306 3p13 MITF 156845 Autosomal recessive
Dextrocardia with unusual facies and microphthalmia 221950 Unknown Unknown
Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH)

FODH

DHOF

Goltz syndrome

Goltz-gorlin syndrome

305600 Xp11.23 PORCN 300651 X-linked dominant
Fraser syndrome 1 (FRASRS1)

Fraser syndrome

Cryptophtalmos with other malformations

Cryptophthalmos- syndactyly syndrome

219000 4q21.21 FRAS1 607830 Autosomal recessive
Fryns microphthalmia syndrome

Microphthalmia with facial clefting

Anophthalmia-plus syndrome

600776 Unknown Autosomal recessive
Fryns syndrome (FRNS) Diaphragmatic hernia, abnormal face, and distil limb anomalies 229850 Unknown Unknown
Holoprosencephaly 9 (HPE9)

Pituitary anomalies with holoprosencephaly-like features

Holosproencephaly with microphthalmia and first branchial arch anomalies

610829 2q14.2 GLI2 165230 Autosomal dominant
Joubert syndrome 21 615636 8q13.1-q13.2 CSPP1 611654 Autosomal recessive
Kapur-toriello syndrome Long columella with cleft lip/palate and eye, heart and intestinal anomalies 244300 Unknown Unknown
Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 1 (LSDMCA1)

Microphthalmia, syndromic 7 (MCOPS7)

Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS)

Microphthalmia, dermal aplasia, and sclerocornea

Midas syndrome

309801 Xp22.2 HCCS 300056 X-linked dominant
Manitoba oculotrichoanal syndrome (MOTA) Marles syndrome 248450 9q22.3 FREM1 608944 Autosomal recessive
Meckel syndrome, type 8 (MKS8) 613885 12q24.31 TCTN2 613846 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia with limb anomalies (MLA)

Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome

Anophthalmia- syndactyly

Ophthalmoacromelic syndrome (OAS)

206920 14q24.2

SMOC1

FNBP4

608488

615265

Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, isolated 1 (MCOP1)

MCOP

Anophthalmia, clinical, isolated

Microphthalmos, autosomal recessive

251600 14q32 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, isolated 2 (MCOP2) Anophthalmia, clinical, isolated 610093 14q24.3 VSX2 142993 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, isolated 3 (MCOP3) 611038 18q21.32 RAX 601881 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, isolated 4 (MCOP4) 613094 8q22.1 GDF6 601147 Autosomal dominant
Microphthalmia, isolated 8 (MCOP8) 615113 15q26.3 ALDH1A3 600463 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, isolated, with coloboma 3 (MCOPCB3) Microphthalmia, cataracts and iris abnormalities 610092 14q24.3 VSX2 142993 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, isolated with coloboma 4 (MCOPCB4) 251505 Unknown Unknown
Microphthalmia, isolated, with coloboma 10 (MCOPCB10) 616428 10q23.33 RBP4 180250 Autosomal dominant
Microphthalmia, syndromic 1 (MCOPS1)

Lenz microphthalmia syndrome

Lenz dysplasia

MAA

309800 Xq28 NAA10 300013 X-linked dominant and recessive
Microphthalmia, syndromic 2 (MCOPS2)

Oculofaciocardiodental syndrome

OFCD syndrome

Microphthalmia, cataracts, radiculomegaly and septal heart defects

ANOP2

MAA2

Lenz microphthalmia syndrome

300166 Xp11 BCOR 300485 X-linked dominant and recessive
Microphthalmia, syndromic 3 (MCOPS3)

Microphthalmia and esophageal atresia syndrome

Clinical anophthalmia with assosicated anomalies

Anophthalmia-esophageal genital syndrome

AEG syndrome

206900 3q26.33 SOX2 184429 Autosomal dominant
Microphthalmia, syndromic 4 (MCOPS4)

Microphthalmia with ankyloblepharon and mental retardation

Microphthalmia-ankyloblepharon-intellectual disability syndrome

ANOP1

301590 Xq27-q28 X-linked recessive
Microphthalmia, syndromic 5 (MCOPS5) Retinal dystrophy, early-onset, with or without pituitary dysfunction 610125 14q22.3 OTX2 600037 Autosomal dominant
Microphthalmia, syndromic 6 (MCOPS6)

Microphthlamia and pituitary anomalies

Microphthalmia with brain and digit developmental anomalies

Anophthalmia, clinical, with micrognathia, malformed ears, digital anomalies, and abnormal external genitalia

607932 14q22.2 BMP4 112262 Autosomal dominant
14q23.1 SIX6 606326 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, syndromic 9 (MCOPS9)

Anophthalmia, clinical, with mild facial dysmorphism and variable malformations of the lung, heart and diaphragm

Anophthalmia/microphthalmia and pulmonary hypoplasia

Pulmonary hypoplasia- diaphragmatic hernia- anophthalmia-cardiac defect (PDAC)

Spear syndrome

Matthew-wood syndrome

Pulmonary agenesis, microphthalmia and diaphragmatic defect (PMD)

Microphthalmia isolated with coloboma 8 (MCOPCB8)

601186 15q24.1 STRA6 610745 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, syndromic 11 (MCOPS11) 614402 10q25.3 VAX1 604294 Autosomal recessive
Microphthalmia, syndromic 12 (MCOPS12)

Microphthalmia with or without pulmonary hypoplasia diaphragmatic hernia and/or cardiac defects

Matthew-wood syndrome

615524 3p24.2 RARB 180220 Autosomal dominant and recessive
Microphthalmia/coloboma and skeletal dysplasia syndrome (MCSKS)

Microphthalmia or coloboma with or without rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia

Microphthalmia, syndromic 14 (MCOPS14)

615877 4q31.3 MAB21L2 604357 Autosomal dominant and recessive
Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome (OCCS)

Orbital cyst with cerebral and focal dermal malformations

Delleman syndrome

164180 Unknown Unknown
Sakoda complex

Sphenoethmoidal encephalomeningocele agenesis of the corpus callosum and cleft lip/palate

Sakoda spectrum

610871 Unknown Unknown
Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 12 (SRTD12)

Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, type IV (SRPS4)

Beemer-langer syndrome

Short rib syndrome, beemer type

269860 Unknown Unknown
Thoracoabdominal syndrome (THAS)

Midline defects, X-linked

Pentalogy of cantrell

313850 Xq25-q26.1 X-linked